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The MOVE Fire

This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985 Philadelphia police fired thousands of rounds at the MOVE house, city officials approved dropping an explosive device on the roof, the resulting fire was allowed to burn, 11 people—including five children—died, and 61 homes were destroyed. Philadelphia City Council later called it a “brutal attack carried out by the City of Philadelphia on its own citizens” and acknowledged that no individual faced criminal consequences for the bombing. One timeline correction worth preserving for the BHP record: the major previous MOVE-police confrontation was August 8, 1978, about seven years before the bombing, not a year or two earlier. Officer James Ramp was killed, other police and firefighters were wounded, nine MOVE members were later convicted, and television cameras recorded police beating Delbert Africa during his arrest. The 1985 MOVE Commission later specifically criticized city planners for failing to adequately use lessons from that 1978 confrontation. And that actually strengthens the point you’re making: 1985 did not happen without precedent or institutional memory. There had already been a deadly confrontation with MOVE, years of conflict, negotiations and police involvement before Osage Avenue.

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Ruler of the Mali Empire in the 14th century

Mansa Musa was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa. Details recorded here should be sourced; unknown information is left blank.

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Wikipedia

Morse code for non-Latin alphabets

This is a summary of the use of Morse code to represent alphabets other than Latin.

Greek

[edit]

The Greek Morse code alphabet is similar to that for the Latin alphabet, in most cases using either the Latin letter that looks most like the Greek capital letter, or that sounds like it. Example: A (alpha) in Greek has the same Morse code as Latin A, having the same glyph and sound. B (beta) in Greek has the same code as Latin B, even though it sounds like English V. The Greek Morse code alphabet uses one extra letter for Greek letter Χ (chi) and no longer uses the codes for Latin letters "J", "U" and "V".

Greek
Code
ITU[1] Greek
Code
ITU Greek
Code
ITU
Α
 ▄ ▄▄▄ 
A Ι
 ▄ ▄ 
I Ρ
 ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ 
R
Β
 ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ 
B Κ
 ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ 
K Σ
 ▄ ▄ ▄ 
S
Γ
 ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ 
G Λ
 ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ 
L Τ
 ▄▄▄ 
T
Δ
 ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ 
D Μ
 ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ 
M Υ
 ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ 
Y
Ε
 ▄ 
E Ν
 ▄▄▄ ▄ 
N Φ
 ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ 
F
Ζ
 ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ 
Z Ξ
 ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ 
X Χ
 ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ 
Η
 ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ 
H Ο
 ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ 
O Ψ
 ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ 
Q
Θ
 ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ 
C Π
 ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ 
P Ω
 ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ 
W
Diphthongs (obsolete)
HY
 ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ 
V YI
 ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ 
J OY
 ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ 
U
OI
 ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ 
8 EI
 ▄ ▄ ▄ 
S AI
 ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ 
AY
 ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ 
EY
 ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ 

The tonos is not transmitted in Morse code; the receiver can simply infer which vowels require one. The Greek diphthongs presented in the bottom three rows of the table are specified in old Greek Morse-code tables but they are never used in actual communication, the two vowels being sent separately.

Cyrillic

[edit]
Main article: Russian Morse code

Cyrillic letters are represented using the representation of similar-sounding Latin letters (e.g. Л ⇒ L). Cyrillic letters with no such Latin correspondence are assigned to Latin letters with no Cyrillic correspondence (e.g. Щ⇒Q). The same correspondence was later used to create Russian national character sets KOI-7 and KOI-8.

Cyrillic Code ITU Cyrillic Code ITU Cyrillic Code ITU Cyrillic Code ITU
А  ▄ ▄▄▄  A И (Ukr. І)  ▄ ▄  I Р  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  R Ш  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ 
Б  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄  B Й  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  J С  ▄ ▄ ▄  S Щ  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  Q
В  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  W К  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  K Т  ▄▄▄  T Ь (Bul. Ъ)  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  X
Г  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  G Л  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄  L У  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  U Ы (Bul. Ь)  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  Y
Д  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄  D М  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  M Ф  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  F Э (Ukr. Є)  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄  É
Е  ▄  E Н  ▄▄▄ ▄  N Х  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄  H Ю  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ 
Ж  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  V О  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  O Ц  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  C Я  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ 
З  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄  Z П  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  P Ч  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  Ї  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ 

The order and encoding shown uses the Russian national standard. The Bulgarian standard is the same except for the two letters (Ь, Ъ) given in parentheses: The Bulgarian language does not use Ы, while Ъ is frequent, but missing in Russian standard Morse.

The letter Ё (Yo) does not have an international Morse phonetic equivalent, with international Е used instead. Ukrainian Morse uses Є instead of Э, І instead of И, but also has И encoded as Ы, and has additional Ї (Yi).

Hebrew

[edit]

Hebrew letters are mostly represented using the Morse representation of a similar-sounding Latin letter (e.g. "Bet" ב≡B); however the representation for several letters are from a Latin letter with a similar shape (e.g. "Tet" ט ≡U, while "Tav" ת≡T). Though Hebrew Morse code is transcribed from right to left, the table below is transcribed from left to right as per the Latin letters in the table.

Letter Code ITU Letter Code ITU
א  ▄ ▄▄▄  A ל  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄  L
ב  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄  B מ  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  M
ג  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  G נ  ▄▄▄ ▄  N
ד  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄  D ס  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  C
ה  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  O ע  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  J
ו  ▄  E פ  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  P
ז  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄  Z צ  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  W
ח  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄  H ק  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  Q
ט  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  U ר  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  R
י  ▄ ▄  I ש  ▄ ▄ ▄  S
כ  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  K ת  ▄▄▄  T

Arabic

[edit]
Letter Code ITU Letter Code ITU Letter Code ITU Letter Code ITU
ا  ▄ ▄▄▄  A ذ  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄  Z ط  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  U ل  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄  L
ب  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄  B ر  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  R ظ  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  Y م  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  M
ت  ▄▄▄  T ز  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  ع  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  ن  ▄▄▄ ▄  N
ث  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  C س  ▄ ▄ ▄  S غ  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  G ه  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄  É
ج  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  J ش  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  ف  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  F و  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  W
ح  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄  H ص  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  X ق  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  Q ي  ▄ ▄  I
خ  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  O ض  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  V ك  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  K ﺀ  ▄  E
د  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄  D      

Kurdish

[edit]
Letter Code ITU Letter Code ITU Letter Code ITU Letter Code ITU Letter Code ITU
ا  ▄ ▄▄▄  A گ  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  G ڵ  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  ڕ  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  و  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  W
ب  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄  B ھ  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄  H م  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  M س  ▄ ▄ ▄  S خ  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  X
ج  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  C ح  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  ن  ▄▄▄ ▄  N ش  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  غ  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ 
چ  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄  -  ▄ ▄  I نٚ  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  ت  ▄▄▄  T ی  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  Y
ڎ  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  ی  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  ۆ  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  O و  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  U ز  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄  Z
ە  ▄  E ژ  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  J پ  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  P وو  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  ع  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ 
ێ  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄  ک  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  K ق  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  Q ۊ  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  د  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄  D
ف  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  F ل  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄  L ر  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  R ڤ  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  V

See kürtçe sözlük [Kurdish dictionary].[2]

Persian

[edit]
Letter Code ITU Letter Code ITU Letter Code ITU Letter Code ITU
ا  ▄ ▄▄▄  A خ  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  X ص  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  ک  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  K
ب  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄  B د  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄  D ض  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄  É گ  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  Q
پ  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  P ذ  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  V ط  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  U ل  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄  L
ت  ▄▄▄  T ر  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  R ظ  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  Y م  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  M
ث  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  C ز  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄  Z ع  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  O ن  ▄▄▄ ▄  N
ج  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  J ژ  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  G غ  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  و  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  W
چ  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  س  ▄ ▄ ▄  S ف  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  F ه  ▄  E
ح  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄  H ش  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  ق  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  ی  ▄ ▄  I

See also fa:کد مورس

Devanagari

[edit]

Devanagari is a left-to-right abugida (alphasyllabary) widely used in the Indian subcontinent. The following telegraph code table is adapted from one given by Ashok Kelkar,[3] where the Latin letters are encoded as per the International Morse code standard. Some variations on this code exist,[4] and there have been some attempts to introduce other telegraph codes either to improve efficiency or to apply to more Indian languages.[3][5][6] Proposals for a telegraph code suitable for multiple Indian languages have been made as early as 1948, shortly after independence.[7]

Devanagari Latin Morse Devanagari Latin Morse Devanagari Latin Morse Devanagari Latin Morse
ा A अ TA ः EA आ IA
ि D इ TD ी ED ई ID
ु U उ TU ू EU ऊ IU
े F ए TF े EF ऐ IF
ो O ओ TO ो EO औ IO
क K क् TK ख EK ख् IK
ग G ग् TG घ EG घ् IG
च C च् TC छ EC छ् IC
ज J ज् TJ झ EJ झ् IJ
ट Ä ट् TÄ ठ EÄ ठ् IÄ
ड Ü ड् TÜ ढ EÜ ढ् IÜ
त W त् TW थ EW थ् IW
द Z द् TZ ध EZ ध् IZ
न N न् TN ं EN ँ IN
प P प् TP फ EP फ् IP
ब B ब् TB भ EB भ् IB
म M म् TM ण EM ण् IM
य Y य् TY ळ EY ळ् IY
र R र् TR ER क्र IR
ल L ल् TL ञ EL ञ् IL
व V व् TV ङ EV ङ् IV
स S स् TS श ES श् IS
ह H ह् TH ष EH ष् IH
ृ Ö ़ TÖ ॆ EÖ IÖ
क्ष Q क्ष् TQ त्र EQ त्र् IQ
ज्ञ X ज्ञ् TX श्र EX श्र् IX
में MM है TMM मैं EMM हूँ IMM

Chinese

[edit]

See Chinese telegraph code.

Korean

[edit]

A morse code specification for the Korean alphabet Hangul was published for the first time in 1888 in the text Chŏnbo changjŏng (전보장정; 電報章程) by Kim Hagu [ko].[8][9] Kim had a talent for languages from his time living abroad and was an advocate for Korea's modernization. In fall of 1884, he suggested to the Korean King Gojong (r. 1864–1907) that Korea develop a telegraph network. Gojong approved of this and sent Kim to Japan to prepare for this. While in Japan, Kim developed Hangul Morse code. The protocol was eventually published in 1888, and has been largely used in the same form ever since. The only exceptions are the eventual additions of codes for the letters ㅔ and ㅐ, which were absent in the original.[10]

Hangul morse code[11][10]
Letter Code ITU Letter Code ITU
ㄱ  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄  L ㅏ  ▄  E
ㄴ  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  F ㅑ  ▄ ▄  I
ㄷ  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄  B ㅓ  ▄▄▄  T
ㄹ  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  V ㅕ  ▄ ▄ ▄  S
ㅁ  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  M ㅗ  ▄ ▄▄▄  A
ㅂ  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  W ㅛ  ▄▄▄ ▄  N
ㅅ  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  G ㅜ  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄  H
ㅇ  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  K ㅠ  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  R
ㅈ  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  P ㅡ  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄  D
ㅊ  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  C ㅣ  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  U
ㅋ  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  X ㅐ  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄  Q
ㅌ  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄  Z ㅔ  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  Y
ㅍ  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  O
ㅎ  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  J

Japanese

[edit]

See Wabun code.

Thai

[edit]

See รหัสมอร์ส on the Thai Wikipedia

References

[edit]
  1. ^ International Morse Code Recommendation. Radiocommunication Sector. itu.int (Report). ITU Recommendation. International Telecommunication Union. October 2009. ITU-R M.1677-1. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
  2. ^ "ferhenga înteraktîf a kurdî - kürtçe sözlük" [interactive dictionary of Kurdish - Kurdish dictionary]. Tirşik network (tirsik.net) (in Kurdish).
  3. ^ a b Kelkar, Ashok R. (October 1967) [1969]. "Telegraph code for Marathi". In Poddar, Arabinda (ed.). Language and society in India. Proceedings of a seminar. Language and society in India. Simla, IN: Indian Institute of Advanced Study. pp. 520–524. OCLC 504343143.
  4. ^ @avtansa (2018-06-07). "Morse code for sending messages in Devanagari (Telegraphy) देवनागरी तार संकेत निर्देशिका #Hindi #Marathi #Sanskrit #Kashmiri #Bodo #Sindhi #Santhali #Dogri" (Tweet). Retrieved 2019-02-25 – via Twitter.
  5. ^ Ramakrishna, B.S.; Nair, K.K.; Chiplunkar, V.N.; Atal, B.S.; Rajaraman, V. (1957). "Statistical studies in some Indian languages with applications to communication engineering". IETE Journal of Research. 4: 25–35. doi:10.1080/03772063.1957.11486049.
  6. ^ Narahari Pandit, S.N. (1961). "An alternative code for Indian languages". IETE Journal of Research. 7 (3): 145–148. doi:10.1080/03772063.1961.11486283.
  7. ^ Joshi, R.D. (1948). "A new telegraphic code for the Indian languages". Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 7 (7): 301–307.
  8. ^ 김, 연희, "전보장정 (電報章程)", 한국민족문화대백과사전 [Encyclopedia of Korean Culture] (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2025-10-21
  9. ^ 홍윤표 2019, pp. 99–101.
  10. ^ a b 홍윤표 (2019-12-13). 한글 [Hangul] (in Korean) (Ebook ed.). 세창출판사. pp. 99–101. ISBN 978-89-8411-924-6.
  11. ^ 무선국의 운용에 대한 규정 (행정규칙). 중앙전파관리소. 2025-08-12. 별표1. Retrieved 2025-09-10.

Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.

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Wikipedia

Russian Morse code

The Russian Morse code approximates the Morse code for the Latin alphabet. It was enacted by the Russian government in 1856. To memorize the codes, practitioners use mnemonics known as напевы (loosely translated "melodies" or "chants"). The "melody" corresponding to a character is a sung phrase: syllables containing the vowels а, о, and ы correspond to dashes and are sung long, while syllables containing other vowels, as well the syllable ай, correspond to dots and are sung short. The specific "melodies" employed differ among various schools. The correspondences between Cyrillic and Latin letters were codified in MTK-2, KOI-7, and KOI-8.

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Wikipedia

Morse Message (1962)

The Morse Message was a series of brief radio messages in Russian Morse code that were transmitted from the Evpatoria Planetary Radar (EPR) complex and directed to the planet Venus in 1962. The message consisted of three words, all encoded in Morse code: the word “Mir” (Russian: “Мир”, meaning both “peace” and “world”) was transmitted from the EPR on November 19, 1962, and the words “Lenin” (Russian: “Ленин”) and “USSR” (Russian: “СССР”, the abbreviation for the Soviet Union — Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, Soyúz Soviétskikh Sotsialistícheskikh Respúblik) were transmitted on November 24, 1962. In Russian, the Morse Message is referred to as the Radio Message “MIR, LENIN, USSR”. The message was used to test the radar station (though not for measuring the distance to Venus, since the EPR relied on a different technology, a coherent waveform with frequency manipulation, for distance measurements). The signals reflected off the surface of Venus and were received back on Earth 4 minutes, 32.7 seconds and 4 minutes, 44.7 seconds later (for the November 19 and November 24 broadcasts, respectively). The signals are currently in transit to the star HD 131336

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Wikipedia

Morse code

Morse code is a telecommunications method which encodes text characters as standardized sequences of two different signal durations, called dots and dashes, or dits and dahs. It is named after Samuel Morse, one of several developers of the system. Morse's preliminary proposal for a telegraph code was replaced by an alphabet-based code developed by Alfred Vail, the engineer working with Morse. Vail's version was used for commercial telegraphy in North America. Friedrich Gerke simplified Vail's code to produce the code adopted in Europe, and most of the alphabetic part of the (ITU) "Morse" is copied from Gerke's revision. The ITU International Morse code encodes the 26 basic Latin letters A to Z, one accented Latin letter É, the Indo-Arabic numerals 0 to 9, and some punctuation and messaging procedural signals (prosigns). There is no distinction between upper and lower case letters. Each code symbol is formed by a sequence of dits and dahs. The dit duration can vary for signal clarity and operator skill, but for any one message, once the rhythm is established, a half-beat is the basic unit of time measurement. The duration of a dah is three times the duration of a dit. Each dit or dah within an encoded character is followed by a period of signal absence, called a space, equal to the dit duration. The letters of a word are separated by a space of duration equal to three dits, and words are separated by a space equal to seven dits. Morse code can be memorized and sent in a form perceptible to the human senses, e.g. via sound waves or visible light, such that it can be directly interpreted by persons trained in it. Morse code is usually transmitted by on-off keying of an information-carrying medium such as electric current, radio waves, visible light, or sound waves. The current or wave is present during the time period of the dit or dah and absent during the time between dits and dahs. Since many natural languages use more than the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, Morse alphabets have been developed for those, largely by transliteration of existing codes. To increase transmission efficiency, Vail designed the original alphabetic code so the duration of each symbol was approximately inverse to the frequency that the character it represents occurs in English text. After revisions that led to ITU Morse code, the assignment of codes to characters in a few cases became non-optimal, although many encodings are. For instance, the most common letter in English, E, has the shortest code – a single dit. Because code elements are specified relatively, by proportion, rather than fixed duration, the code is usually sent at the highest rate the receiver is capable of decoding.

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Wikipedia

Morse code for non-Latin alphabets

This is a summary of the use of Morse code to represent alphabets other than Latin.

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TOPIC OF THE DAY

Greenwood / Black Wall Street

Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.

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TRIVIA QUESTION OF THE DAY

Who was the first African-American woman millionaire in the United States?

Madam C.J. Walker