Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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THE BHP WIRE —
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
Katherine Johnson’s mathematical calculations helped guide some of America’s most important early space missions while she confronted the racial and gender barriers faced by Black women in twentieth-century America.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
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In computing, compile time is the period of time when a compiler processes source code into other code that is more readily executable – typically object code or byte code.[1] Compile time is a phase in the operational life cycle of a program as it transitions from development to execution. The length of time it takes to compile is usually referred to as compilation time although compile time might also be used.
Compile time can be subdivided by the phases of a compiler. Most compilers have at least the following phases: syntax analysis, semantic analysis, and code generation. Many compilers include one or more optimization phases. For example, each constant expressions might be evaluated via compile-time execution to produce a value that results in improved runtime performance.[2][3]
Properties of a program that can be determined at compile time include range-checks (e.g., proving that an array index will not exceed the array bounds), deadlock freedom in concurrent languages, or timings (e.g., proving that a sequence of code takes no more than an allocated amount of time). For statically-typed languages such as C++, Java or Rust, types are checked at compile time to ensure type safety.[4]
Compiling is typically part of a build process (at build time). A build may also include linking (at link time). Run time is the duration when the program is running.
Often, compilation occurs as a separate step before running a program. But with dynamic compilation, transformation to machine language happens as part of the process of running it – intertwining run time and compile time. Often this is split into two distinct processes: a build-time process that converts source code to an intermediate representation (IR) and a run-time process that converts the IR to machine code.
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
The Rust compiler, usually invoked as rustc, is the official compiler for the Rust programming language. It is developed by the Rust Project and released under a dual Apache 2.0 and MIT License. rustc translates Rust source code into native machine code. It is itself written in Rust and is self-hosting: each new version is built using the previous stable release. Most developers do not call rustc directly. They use Cargo, Rust's standard build tool and package manager, which invokes the compiler with the right options for a given project. rustc is best known for two features: a type system that enforces memory and thread safety at compile time, and error messages that point at the offending source span and often suggest a fix.
The GNU Compiler Collection (GCC; formerly GNU C Compiler) is a collection of compilers from the GNU Project that support various programming languages, hardware architectures, and operating systems. The Free Software Foundation (FSF) distributes GCC as free software under the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL). GCC is a key component of the GNU toolchain which is used for most projects related to GNU and the Linux kernel. With roughly 15 million lines of code in 2019, GCC is one of the largest free programs in existence. It has played an important role in the growth of free software, as both a tool and an example. When it was first released in 1987 by Richard Stallman, GCC 1.0 was named the GNU C Compiler since it only handled the C programming language. It was extended to compile C++ in December of that year. Front ends were later developed for Objective-C, Objective-C++, Fortran, Ada, Go, D, Modula-2, Rust, COBOL, and ALGOL 68 among others. The OpenMP and OpenACC specifications are also supported in the C and C++ compilers. As well as being the official compiler of the GNU operating system, GCC has been adopted as the standard compiler by many other modern Unix-like computer operating systems, including most Linux distributions. Most BSD family operating systems also switched to GCC shortly after its release, although since then, FreeBSD and Apple macOS have moved to the Clang compiler, largely due to licensing reasons. GCC can also compile code for Windows, Android, iOS, Solaris, HP-UX, AIX, and MS-DOS compatible operating systems. GCC has been ported to more platforms and instruction set architectures than any other compiler, and is widely deployed as a tool in the development of both free and proprietary software. GCC is also available for many embedded systems, including ARM-based and Power ISA-based chips.
In computing, compile time is the period of time when a compiler processes source code into other code that is more readily executable – typically object code or byte code. Compile time is a phase in the operational life cycle of a program as it transitions from development to execution. The length of time it takes to compile is usually referred to as compilation time although compile time might also be used. Compile time can be subdivided by the phases of a compiler. Most compilers have at least the following phases: syntax analysis, semantic analysis, and code generation. Many compilers include one or more optimization phases. For example, each constant expressions might be evaluated via compile-time execution to produce a value that results in improved runtime performance. Properties of a program that can be determined at compile time include range-checks (e.g., proving that an array index will not exceed the array bounds), deadlock freedom in concurrent languages, or timings (e.g., proving that a sequence of code takes no more than an allocated amount of time). For statically-typed languages such as C++, Java or Rust, types are checked at compile time to ensure type safety. Compiling is typically part of a build process (at build time). A build may also include linking (at link time). Run time is the duration when the program is running. Often, compilation occurs as a separate step before running a program. But with dynamic compilation, transformation to machine language happens as part of the process of running it – intertwining run time and compile time. Often this is split into two distinct processes: a build-time process that converts source code to an intermediate representation (IR) and a run-time process that converts the IR to machine code.
In computer science, bootstrapping is the technique for producing a self-compiling compiler – that is, a compiler (or assembler) written in the source programming language that it intends to compile. An initial core version of the compiler (the bootstrap compiler) is generated in a different language (which could be assembly language); successive expanded versions of the compiler are developed using this minimal subset of the language. The problem of compiling a self-compiling compiler has been called the chicken-or-egg problem in compiler design, and bootstrapping is a solution to this problem. Bootstrapping is a fairly common practice when creating a programming language. Many compilers for many programming languages are bootstrapped, including compilers for ALGOL, BASIC, C, Common Lisp, D, Eiffel, Elixir, Factor, Go, Haskell, Java, Modula-2, Nim, Oberon, OCaml, Pascal, PL/I, Python, Rust, Scala, Scheme, TypeScript, Vala, Zig and more.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →The Greenwood District.
