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Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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In 1968 Shirley Chisholm became the first Black woman elected to the United States Congress. In 1972 she launched a campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, breaking another political barrier.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| Cable type | Fibre-optic |
|---|---|
| Fate | Planned |
| Construction beginning | 2019[1] |
| First traffic | 2021 (planned)[2] |
| Design capacity | 108 TBit/s[3] |
| Landing points | |
| Area served | South Africa, Namibia, Saint Helena and Brazil |
| Owner(s) | SAEx International Ltd [1] |
| Website | www.saex.net |
SAex (South Atlantic Express) is a proposed submarine communications cable linking South Africa to the United States with branches to Namibia, Saint Helena, and Brazil.
The project was announced in 2011 by eFive Telecoms (Pty) Ltd, who led the project during the early feasibility studies. In November 2013 South Atlantic Express Cable Company (Pty) Ltd took over responsibility and was renamed to SimplCom South Africa (Pty) Ltd after SimplCom Inc. (Canada) acquired a controlling shareholding in the former.[1]
In April, 2011 the Bank of China announced that it was interested in investing 60% of the funds required for the project while the Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa also had expressed interest in providing funding. In June 2011 the project was expected to cost R3 billion to complete.[5] A revised configuration (cable branch to Namibia instead of Angola, additional branch to Saint Helena, and four instead of three fibre pairs), technological improvements and lower costs of technology are expected to reduce the projected capacity prices of the original design.[1] As of May 2014 the project had funding interest from numerous private and public financial institutions.[1]
As of October 2018, desktop surveying had begun.[3]
SAEx is conceived as a system to link the developing economies of southern Africa and South America independently of traditional hubs and so to contribute to a link between BRICS economic regions without recourse to traditional northern hemisphere hubs. It will also form a sub-sea route from Indian Ocean network nodes in the Gulf region, India and Eastern Asia to South America and the USA while avoiding geological and geopolitical hazards present on other paths, such as the oceanic trenches of the Pacific Ocean, the Red Sea, the Suez Canal and the Mediterranean Sea and transits through potentially unstable countries and unreliable overland transit networks. Currently, internet traffic bounded from South Africa to the Americas routes through Europe. The SAex cable if constructed, will reduce latency and bandwidth costs associated with the distance that internet traffic currently has to travel by providing the shortest route possible from South Africa to the Americas. The initial design capacity of the cable is 40 TBit/s and will be over 10,000 kilometres in length (7,400 km from South Africa to Brazil and 3,000 km from Cape Town to Mtunzini). It will consist of four fibre pairs, each capable of carrying 10 TBit/s of data using 100 GBit/s wavelength technology.[1] The branch to Namibia will stretch over 1,050 km while that to Saint Helena will have a length of less than 50 km.
According to a memorandum of understanding closed in April 2010 Main One and SEACOM will interconnect their cables with SAex and so form a pan-African fibre-optic ring. Through SEACOM the cable could also supply India with bandwidth towards the Americas by onward connectivity to the United States through the existing GlobeNet cable system.
At Yzerfontein SAEx would be able to interconnect to WACS while at Mtunzini SAFE, EASSy and SEACOM could provide onward connectivity to Asia, East Africa and India.[1]
The cable system was expected to be operational in 2020 (originally by mid-2014, later 2017).[2][1][6][7]
There were originally no plans to land the cable and install a landing station in Saint Helena. If this were done, however, the cable could supply the island's population with sufficient bandwidth to fully leverage the benefits of today's information society. Since January 2012 a campaign called Move This Cable launched by A Human Right, a San Francisco-based NGA working on initiatives to ensure all people are connected to the Internet, has been lobbying for a branch of the SAex cable to land on the remote island of Saint Helena in order to provide high-speed Internet access to the island's small population of 4,200 people and so to foster socio-economic development.[8][9][10] On October 6, 2012, eFive agreed to reroute the cable through Saint Helena after successful lobbying efforts. Islanders have sought the assistance of the UK Department for International Development and Foreign and Commonwealth Office in funding the £10m required to install a branch from an underwater OADM branching unit on the main cable to the island. The UK Government have announced that a review of the island's economy would be required before such funding would be agreed to.[11] On 27 October 2017 St Helena Government announced that it had signed a memorandum of understanding for a branch from the SAex cable to the island to be delivered in early 2020 which would be largely funded by the European Development Fund.[12][2]
In November 2011 former eFive CEO Mulaudzi stated that having the first-mover advantage was vital for the project since there is no need for two separate cable systems connecting Angola with Brazil.[13] On Friday, 23 March 2012, the president of Angola Cables, António Nunes and the president of Telebrás, Caio Bonilha, signed a deal to construct a cable of about 6000 km length linking Fortaleza in Brazil with the Angolan capital Luanda named South Atlantic Cable System (SACS).[14][15] IHS Global Insight lists four concurrent projects to lay new undersea cables between South America and Africa.[16] Due to this competing project, in 2014, the SAex' design was modified to now include a branch to Namibia instead of a dedicated fiber pair running from Fortaleza to Angola forking off mid-Atlantic. In September 2018 Angola Cables announced that the SACS cable was on-line and ready to begin commercial operation.[17]
As of October 2017 the SAex is planned to land at the following locations:[2]
![Route of the SAex submarine cable as planned in 2014[1]](viewer.php?source=wikipedia&q=File%3AMap%20of%20South%20Atlantic%20Express%20submarine%20cable%20route.svg&result=0#selected-result)
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Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
SAex (South Atlantic Express) is a proposed submarine communications cable linking South Africa to the United States with branches to Namibia, Saint Helena, and Brazil. The project was announced in 2011 by eFive Telecoms (Pty) Ltd, who led the project during the early feasibility studies. In November 2013 South Atlantic Express Cable Company (Pty) Ltd took over responsibility and was renamed to SimplCom South Africa (Pty) Ltd after SimplCom Inc. (Canada) acquired a controlling shareholding in the former. In April, 2011 the Bank of China announced that it was interested in investing 60% of the funds required for the project while the Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa also had expressed interest in providing funding. In June 2011 the project was expected to cost R3 billion to complete. A revised configuration (cable branch to Namibia instead of Angola, additional branch to Saint Helena, and four instead of three fibre pairs), technological improvements and lower costs of technology are expected to reduce the projected capacity prices of the original design. As of May 2014 the project had funding interest from numerous private and public financial institutions. As of October 2018, desktop surveying had begun.
WASACE was a planned system of submarine communications cables consisting of four sections with a total length of 29,000 km linking four continents. Original proposal: WASACE North, from Spain to the United States WASACE South, from Brazil to Nigeria WASACE America, from Brazil to North America. WASACE Africa, from Nigeria via Angola to South Africa WASACE Africa would potentially be the fifth cable running from South Africa to Nigeria. WASACE South would be the third cable linking Latin America to Africa, and would compete on a direct route from Africa to Brazil with the planned South Atlantic Express (SAEx) cable. The first cable from Latin America to Africa is the Atlantis-2 cable which runs from Brazil to Portugal via Cape Verde and Senegal. The WASACE system will focus on developing new routes from Africa to Latin America and the US. The Company says that it will be offering two of the major international capacity routes and enabling three new underdeveloped direct traffic routes: Africa to the US, Africa to Latin America and Latin America to Europe. The key part of the project however is a link from Africa to the US via Brazil, which offers an alternative routing to North America that does not need to travel via Europe and the North Atlantic. It also has the potential to deliver connectivity from Asia to the US via Africa and Latin America as an alternative to Europe or the Pacific. Further WASACE is planned to be connected to the SEACOM cable system which runs on the East coast of Africa and branches to India and Europe. The project is divided into four sections; WASACE North connecting Europe to North America, WASACE South connecting South America to Africa, WASACE America connecting South America to North America and WASACE Africa connecting Nigeria, Angola and South Africa. The project is headed by WASACE Cable Company Worldwide Holding and project development will be managed by US-based David Ross Group. The company intends to get all four cables built by the end of the first quarter of 2014, prior to the FIFA World Cup that will take place summer 2014 in Brazil. Submarine cable vendors are planned to be selected in Q1 2012 and a supplier contract will be signed Q2 2012. WASCASE Cable Company Worldwide holding was originally formed to meet the increasing needs of the developing markets in the Global South.
Robin Saex Garbose is an American filmmaker and theatre director. Following an early career directing several off-Broadway plays and episodes of the shows Head of the Class and America's Most Wanted, Garbose embraced Orthodox Judaism and founded the Kol Neshama Performing Arts Conservatory, a summer camp and arts conservatory providing an artistic outlet for teenage Orthodox girls. With Kol Neshama, she has produced several projects, including the films A Light at Greytowers (2007), The Heart That Sings (2011), and Operation: Candlelight (2014). Her projects have been screened at the Museum of Tolerance, the Menachem Begin Heritage Center, the Jerusalem and Tel Aviv Cinematheques, and the Atlanta Jewish Film Festival.
A transatlantic telecommunications cable is a submarine communications cable connecting one side of the Atlantic Ocean to the other. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, each cable was a single wire. After mid-century, coaxial cable came into use, with amplifiers. Late in the 20th century, all cables installed use optical fiber as well as optical amplifiers, because distances range thousands of kilometers.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Madam C.J. Walker