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In 1968 Shirley Chisholm became the first Black woman elected to the United States Congress. In 1972 she launched a campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, breaking another political barrier.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
 | This article needs more citations. (November 2021) |
 (±)-Salsoline
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| Names | |
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| IUPAC name
6-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline
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| Identifiers | |
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3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEBI |
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| ChEMBL |
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| ChemSpider | |
| EC Number |
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| KEGG |
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PubChem CID
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| UNII |
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C11H15NO2 | |
| Molar mass | 193.246 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | White or almost white crystalline powder |
| Density | 1.106 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 217-219 °C |
| Solubility | Soluble in chloroform; slightly soluble in water, benzene |
| Hazards | |
| Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |
Main hazards
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May cause allergic reaction. Avoid contact with eyes
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| Flash point | 157.4 °C (315.3 °F; 430.5 K) |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Salsoline is a tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid found in some plants of the genus Salsola. Salsoline is the monomethylated metabolite of salsolinol which has been thought to contribute to Parkinson's disease.[medical citation needed] Also, this has been tied to the neuropathology of chronic alcoholism.[1]
Some examples of compounds that are similar to salsoline include salsolinol, isosalsoline, norsalsolinol, and carboxysalsolinol.
These types of compounds are able to undergo addition reactions in which additions can happen to the nitrogenous ring.[citation needed] Also, it is possible for the ring to break open. In the presence of NaBH4 or H2SO4, this structure may be able to undergo carbonyl chemistry,[dubious – discuss] if present, and other reactions, such as substitution. Salsoline is a derivative of dopamine,[2] meaning it is able to function in the brain like dopamine.[medical citation needed]
Salsoline has been detected in areas of the brain that are highest in concentration with dopamine. It has been found in the frontal cortex, basal ganglia, and hypothalamus.[2] However, there are two enantiomers, (R) and (S), and are not treated similarly in this case. The (R) and (S) enantiomers are abundant in human plasma,[citation needed] but these configurations are recognized by different machinery in the cell. Parkinson's disease is a neurotoxic disease in which the concentration of this compound is significantly increased in the cerebrospinal fluid.[citation needed] Therefore, the patients who are diagnosed with Parkinson's disease are likely found to have had these derivatives present.[citation needed]
In lab, it has become increasingly popular to try and protect the neurons from such an environment. The derivative is able to be synthesized in areas of the brain, and it is possible to now try and target these areas to influence against the build up of these toxins. Studies have shown that high levels of salsoline increase concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid in alcoholic patients.[clarification needed] It has been noted that there has been a build up of salsoline in fluid in the case of Parkinson's Disease. There are several sources that have pointed toward the conclusion that salsoline has been linked with alcoholism and intoxication.[1]
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Salsoline is a tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid found in some plants of the genus Salsola. Salsoline is the monomethylated metabolite of salsolinol which has been thought to contribute to Parkinson's disease. Also, this has been tied to the neuropathology of chronic alcoholism.
Amphetamine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy; it is also used to treat binge eating disorder in the form of lisdexamfetamine. Historically, it has been used to treat nasal congestion and depression. Amphetamine is also used as an athletic performance enhancer and cognitive enhancer, and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant. It is a prescription drug in many countries, and unauthorized possession and distribution of amphetamine are often tightly controlled due to the significant health risks associated with recreational use. Amphetamine was discovered as a chemical in 1887 by Lazăr Edeleanu, and then as a drug in the late 1920s. It exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. The first amphetamine pharmaceutical was Benzedrine. Pharmaceutical amphetamine is prescribed as racemic amphetamine, Adderall, dextroamphetamine, or lisdexamfetamine. Amphetamine increases monoamine and excitatory neurotransmission in the brain, with its most pronounced effects targeting the norepinephrine and dopamine neurotransmitter systems. At therapeutic doses, amphetamine causes emotional and cognitive effects such as euphoria, change in desire for sex, increased wakefulness, and improved cognitive control. It induces physical effects such as improved reaction time, fatigue resistance, decreased appetite, elevated heart rate, and increased muscle strength. Larger doses of amphetamine may impair cognitive function and induce rapid muscle breakdown. Addiction is a serious risk with heavy recreational amphetamine use, but is unlikely to occur from long-term medical use at therapeutic doses. Very high doses can result in psychosis, which rarely occurs at therapeutic doses even during long-term use. Recreational doses are generally much larger than prescribed therapeutic doses and carry a far greater risk of serious side effects. Amphetamine belongs to the phenethylamine class. It is also the parent compound of its own structural class, the substituted amphetamines, which includes prominent substances such as bupropion, cathinone, MDMA, and methamphetamine. As a member of the phenethylamine class, amphetamine is also chemically related to the naturally occurring trace amine neuromodulators, specifically phenethylamine and N-methylphenethylamine, both of which are produced within the human body. Phenethylamine is the parent compound of amphetamine, while N-methylphenethylamine is a positional isomer of amphetamine that differs only in the placement of the methyl group.
Amoxicillin is an antibiotic medication belonging to the aminopenicillin class of the penicillin family. The drug is used to treat bacterial infections such as middle ear infection, strep throat, pneumonia, skin infections, odontogenic infections, and urinary tract infections. It is taken orally (swallowed by mouth), or less commonly by either intramuscular injection or by an IV bolus injection, which is a relatively quick intravenous injection lasting from a couple of seconds to a few minutes. Common adverse effects include nausea and rash. It may also increase the risk of yeast infections, and when used in combination with clavulanic acid, diarrhea. It should not be used in those who are allergic to penicillin. While usable in those with kidney problems, the dose may need to be decreased. Its use in pregnancy and breastfeeding does not appear to be harmful. Amoxicillin is in the β-lactam family of antibiotics. Amoxicillin was discovered in 1958 and came into medical use in 1972. Amoxil was approved for medical use in the United States in 1974, and in the United Kingdom in 1977. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is one of the most commonly prescribed antibiotics in children. Amoxicillin is available as a generic medication. In 2023, it was the 23rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 23 million prescriptions.
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy in tablet form, and molly in crystal form, is an entactogen with stimulant and minor psychedelic properties. MDMA was first synthesized in 1912 by Merck chemist Anton Köllisch. It was used to enhance psychotherapy beginning in the 1970s and became popular as a street drug in the 1980s. MDMA is commonly used by attendees of dance parties, raves, and electronic dance music festivals. Tablets sold as ecstasy may be mixed with other substances such as ephedrine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine. The lethal risk from one dose of MDMA is estimated to be from 1 death in 20,000 instances to 1 death in 50,000 instances. The purported pharmacological effects that may be prosocial include altered sensations, increased energy, empathy, and pleasure. When taken by mouth, effects begin in 30 to 45 minutes and last three to six hours. Short-term adverse effects include bruxism, blurred vision, sweating, and tachycardia, and extended use can also lead to addiction, amnesia, memory disorders, paranoia, and insomnia. Deaths have been reported due to increased body temperature and dehydration. MDMA acts primarily by increasing the release of the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in parts of the brain. It belongs to the substituted amphetamine classes of drugs. MDMA is structurally similar to mescaline (a psychedelic), methamphetamine (a stimulant), as well as endogenous monoamine neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. MDMA has limited approved medical uses in a small number of countries, but is illegal in most jurisdictions. MDMA-assisted psychotherapy may substantially improve PTSD symptoms, response, and remission rates compared to psychotherapy alone, but the evidence is low to very low certainty and safety data are limited, with some increased transient adverse events. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has given MDMA breakthrough therapy status (though there are no current clinical indications in the US). Canada has allowed limited distribution of MDMA upon application to and approval by Health Canada. In Australia, it may be prescribed in the treatment of PTSD by specifically authorised psychiatrists.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →The Greenwood District.
