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The Sapa Inca (from Quechua: sapa inka; lit. 'the only emperor') was the monarch of the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu "the region of the four [provinces]"), as well as ruler of the earlier Kingdom of Cusco and the later Neo-Inca State at Vilcabamba. While the origins of the position are mythical and originate from the legendary foundation of the city of Cusco, it seems to have come into being historically around AD 1100. Although the Inca believed the Sapa Inca to be the son of Inti (the sun god) and often referred to him as Inti churi "solar son" or Intip churin "son of the sun", the position eventually became hereditary, with son succeeding father.[1][2][3] The principal wife of the Inca was known as the coya or quya.[3] The Sapa Inca was at the top of the social hierarchy and played a dominant role in the political and spiritual realm.[3]
Manco Capac, the first Inca monarch, adopted the title capac or qhapaq (roughly translated as "king").[4][5] Inca Roca, the sixth Inca monarch, was evidently the first to bear the title sapa Inca ("emperor") officially.[6]
There were two known dynasties, led by the Hurin and Hanan moieties respectively.[7] The latter was in power at the time of Spanish conquest. The last effective Sapa Inca of Inca Empire was Atahualpa, who was executed by Francisco Pizarro and his conquistadors in 1533, but several successors later claimed the title.[8]
Other terms for sapa Inca include apu ("lord"), qhapaq Inka ("mighty Inca") or simply sapa ("the only one").
Chronicles identify the Inca as the highest ruler equivalent to European kings of the Middle Ages. However, the original access to that position was not linked to the inheritance of the eldest son, as is for a monarchy, but to the perceived selection of the gods by means of rigorous challenges, to which the physical and moral aptitudes of the aspirant were tested.[2] These trials were accompanied by a complex spiritual ritual through which the Sun god, Inti nominated the one who should assume the Inca position.[2] Eventually, with the passage of time, Incas named their favorite son as co-governor with the intention of securing his succession,[9] for example, Huiracocha Inca associated Inca Urco to the throne.[10] The coya, or sapa Inca's primary wife, had significant influence upon making this decision of which son is apt to succeed his father.[3][11]
The Sapa Inca was the absolute ruler of the empire and accumulated in his power the political, social, military, and economic direction of the state.[12][3] He ordered and directed the construction of great engineering works, such as Sacsayhuamán, a fortress that took 50 years to complete;[13] or the urban plan of the cities.[14] However, among their most notable works, was the network of roads that crossed the entire empire and allowed a rapid journey for the administrators, messengers, and armies[15] provided with hanging bridges and tambos.[16] They made sure to always be supplied and well cared for,[17] as is reflected in the construction of storehouses scattered throughout the empire and vast food and resource redistribution systems.[3][11] The commander and chief of the standing army founded military colonies to expand the culture and control, while simultaneously ensuring the preservation of that network.[18][3]
At the religious level, they were symbolic of the sun and promoted the worship of Inti, who was regarded as their ancestral father,[19] and organized the calendar.[20] At the political level, they sent inspectors to oversee the loyalty and efficiency of civil servants and collect tribute from the subjugated peoples.[21] The emperors promoted a unified and decentralized government in which Cuzco acted as the articulating axis of the different regions or suyu.[22] They appointed highly trusted governors.[23] At the economic level, they decided how much each province should pay according to its resources.[24] They knew how to win over the kuraka to ensure control of the communities. These were the intermediaries through whom they collected taxes.[25][11]
Traditionally, every time an emperor died or resigned, his successor was disinherited from his father's inheritance and formed his own lineage royal clan or panaka, his father's lands, houses and servants were passed to his other children remaining on the previous panaka. The new Sapa Inca had to obtain land and spoils to bequeath to his own descendants.[26] Each time they subdued a people, they demanded that the defeated leader surrender part of their land to continue in command, and whose people pay tribute in the form of labor (mit'a) and taxes.[27][11]
The Sapa Inca also played a major role in caring for the poor and hungry, hence his other title huacchacoya or waqcha khuyaq "lover and benefactor of the poor".[3] The Sapa was responsible for organizing food redistribution in times of environmental disaster, allocated work via state-sponsored projects, and most notably promoted major state-sponsored religious feasts[3] that followed each successful harvest season.[11]
The Inca was divinized both in their actions and their emblems. In public he carried the topayauri ("scepter"), ushno (golden throne), suntur páucar (feathered pike), and the mascapaicha (royal insignia) commonly carried in a llauto (headband), otherwise, the mascapaicha could also be carried on an amachana chuku (military helmet).[12] In religious ceremonies he was accompanied by the sacred white flame, the napa, covered with a red blanket and adorned with gold earrings.[28] With textiles representing a form of status and wealth, it has been speculated that the Sapa Inca never wore the same clothes twice.[11] The community even revered the Sapa after his death, mummifying him and frequently visiting his tomb to "consult" him on pressing affairs.[3]
Little is known of the rulers of the first dynasty of Sapa Incas. Evidently, they were affiliated with the Hurin moiety and their rule did not extend beyond the Kingdom of Cusco. Their origins are tied to the mythical establishment of Cusco and are shrouded in the later foundation myth. The dynasty was supposedly founded by Manco Cápac, who is considered the son of the sun god Inti in Inca mythology.[29]
| Title | Sapa Inca | Picture | Birth | Queen | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inca of Cusco | Manco Capac (Manqu Qhapaq) c. 1200–1230 |
 |
Considered the son of the sun god Inti |
Mama Ocllo (Mama Uqllu) or Mama Waqu |
c. 1230 |
| Sinchi Roca (Sinchi Ruq'a) c. 1230–1260 |
 |
Son of Manco Cápac | Mama Cora (Mama Qura) |
c. 1260 | |
| Lloque Yupanqui (Lluq'i Yupanki) c. 1260–1290 |
 |
Son of Sinchi Roca | Mama Cahua (Mama Qawa) |
c. 1290 | |
| Mayta Capac (Mayta Qhapaq) c. 1290–1320 |
 |
Son of Lloque Yupanqui | Mama Takukaray | c. 1320 | |
| Capac Yupanqui (Qhapaq Yupanki) c. 1320–1350 |
 |
Son of Mayta Cápac | Mama Chimpu Qurihillpay | c. 1350 |
As a rough guide to the later reputation of the early Sapa Incas, in later years capac meant warlord and sinchi meant leader.
The second dynasty was affiliated with the Hanan moiety and was founded under Inca Roca, the son of the last Hurin Sapa Inca, Cápac Yupanqui. After Cápac Yupanqui's death, another of his sons, Inca Roca's half-brother Quispe Yupanqui, was intended to succeed him. However, the Hanan revolted and installed Inca Roca instead.[2]
| Title | Sapa Inca | Picture | Birth | Queen | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inca of Cusco | Inca Roca (Inka Ruqa) c. 1350–1380 |
 |
Son of Cápac Yupanqui | Mama Mikay | c. 1380 |
| Yahuar Huacac (Yawar Waqaq) c. 1380–1410 |
 |
Son of Inca Roca | Mama Chikya | c. 1410 | |
| Viracocha (Wiraqucha Inka) c. 1410–1438 |
 |
Son of Yáhuar Huácac | Mama Runtu Quya | 1438 | |
| Pachacuti (Pachakuti) 1438–1471 |
 |
Son of Viracocha | Mama Anawarkhi | 1471 | |
| Topa Inca Yupanqui (Thupa Inka Yupanki) 1471–1493 |
 |
Son of Pachacuti | Mama Ocllo Coya (Mama Uqllu Quya) |
1493 | |
| Huayna Capac (Wayna Qhapaq) 1493–1527 |
 |
Son of Túpac Inca Yupanqui | Cusirimay (Kusi Rimay) Rahua Ocllo (Rawa Uqllu) |
1527 | |
| Huascar (Waskhar) 1527–1532 |
 |
Son of Huayna Capac | Chuqui Huipa | 1533 Killed by Atahualpa's agents. | |
| Atahualpa (Ataw Wallpa) 1532–1533 |
 |
Son of Huayna Capac | Asarpay (Asarpay) |
26 July 1533 Killed by the conquistadors. |
Ninan Cuyochi, who was Inca for only a few days in 1527, is sometimes left off the list of Sapa Incas because news of his death from smallpox arrived in Cusco very shortly after he was declared Sapa Inca. He had witnessed the death of his father Huayna Cápac. The death of Ninan, the presumed heir, led to the Inca Civil War between Huáscar and Atahualpa, a weakness that the conquistadors exploited when they conquered the Inca Empire.[11]
| Title | Sapa Inca | Picture | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inca of Incas | Túpac Huallpa (Tupa Wallpa) 1533 |
Son of Huayna Capac | 1533 | Installed by Francisco Pizarro. | |
| Manco Inca Yupanqui (Manqu Inka Yupanki) 1533–1544 |
 |
Son of Huayna Capac | 1544 | Installed by Francisco Pizarro. Led a revolt against the Spanish in 1536; after his defeat, established the Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba before being killed by Almagristas. | |
| Paullu Inca (Pawllu Inka) 1536–1549 |
 |
Son of Huayna Capac | 1549 | Installed by the Spanish after Manco Inca rebelled; ruled in Cuzco. | |
| Inca of Vilcabamba | Sayri Túpac (Sayri Tupa) 1544–1560 |
 |
Son of Manco Inca Yupanqui | 1560 | Ruled in Vilcabamba. |
| Titu Cusi (T'itu Kusi) 1563–1571 |
 |
Son of Manco Inca Yupanqui | 1571 | Ruled in Vilcabamba. | |
| Túpac Amaru (Tupa Amaru) 1571–1572 |
 |
Son of Manco Inca Yupanqui | 24 September 1572 Executed by the Spanish |
Ruled in Vilcabamba. The last Sapa Inca. |
This last Sapa Inca must not be confused with Túpac Amaru II, who was leader of an 18th-century Peruvian uprising.
| DYNASTY OF THE Sapa Inca |  | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| First Dynasty | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 | Manco Cápac 1st Sapa Inca of Cusco (c. 1200–1230) | Mama Uqllu | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sinchi Roca 2nd Sapa Inca of Cusco (c. 1230–1260) | Mama Qura | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lloque Yupanqui 3rd Sapa Inca of Cusco (c. 1260–1290) | Mama Qawa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mayta Cápac 4th Sapa Inca of Cusco (c. 1290–1320) | Mama Takukaray | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cunti Mayta high priest | | Cápac Yupanqui 5th Sapa Inca of Cusco (c. 1320–1350) | Mama Chimpu Qurihillpay | Cusi Chimbo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Quispe Yupanqui heir apparent to 1350 | | Inca Roca 6th Sapa Inca of Cusco (c. 1350 – c. 1380) younger son of Cápac Yupanqui chosen Sapa Inca when the Hanan moiety rebelled against the Hurin moiety | Mama Mikay | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Second Dynasty | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Apu Mayta a nephew & great warrior | | Yáhuar Huácac 7th Sapa Inca of Cusco (c. 1380 – c. 1410) | Mama Chikya | Inca Paucar | Huaman Taysi Inca | Vicaquirau Inca a great warrior | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Viracocha 8th Sapa Inca of Cusco (c. 1410–1438) | Mama Runtucaya | Ccuri-chulpa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Inca Rocca heir apparent | Tupac Yupanqui | | Cusi Inca Yupanqui Pachacuti 9th Sapa Inca of Cusco 1st Emperor of Inca Empire (1438–1471) | Mama Anahuarqui | Ccapac Yupanqui | Inca Urco | Inca Socso | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tupac Ayar Manco | Apu Paucar | | Tupac Inca Yupanqui 10th Sapa Inca of Cusco 2nd Emperor of Inca Empire (c. 1441 – c. 1493) | Mama Ocllo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Queen Kusi Rimay | | Titu Cusi Hualpa Huayna Capac 11th Sapa Inca of Cusco 3rd Emperor of Inca Empire (c.1468–1524, probably of smallpox) | Rahua Ocllo | Auqui Tupac Inca d. 1524 w/his brother and nephew, prob. of smallpox | 90 illegitimate sons and daughters, incl. Ccapac Huari, who tried to succeed his father | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ninan Cuyochi Crown Prince (1490–1527) d. w/his father and uncle, probably of smallpox | | Tupac Cusi Hualpa Huáscar 12th Sapa Inca of Cusco 4th Emperor of Inca Empire (1491–1532) | Chuqui Huipa | | Atahualpa 13th Sapa Inca of Cusco 5th Emperor of Inca Empire (c. 1502 – 26 July 1533) | Coya Asarpay (died 1533) | Túpac Huallpa 14th Sapa Inca of Cusco 6th Emperor of Inca Empire (installed by Pizarro 1533) | Manco Inca Yupanqui 15th Sapa Inca of Cusco 7th Emperor of Inca Empire 1st Ruler of Neo-Inca State (1533 – revolted 1536 – 1544) | Paullu Inca 16th Sapa Inca of Cusco 8th Emperor of Inca Empire (installed by Pizarro 1536–1549) | Atoc, Konono, Wanka Auqui, Kizu Yupanqui, Tito Atauchi, Waman Wallpa, Kusi Wallpa, Tilka Yupanqu, & + | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sayri Túpac 17th Sapa Inca 2nd Ruler of Neo-Inca State (c. 1535–1561) | Titu Cusi 18th Sapa Inca 2nd Ruler of Neo-Inca State (1529–1571) | Túpac Amaru 19th & last Sapa Inca 3rd Ruler of Neo-Inca State (1545 – 24 September 1572) | descendants, incl son Carlos Inca, his son Melchor Carlos Inca, and his son Juan Melchor Carlos Inca | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ayar Manco was selected as leader of the group and adopted the title Capac (roughly translated as King). As Manco Capac, he led the group toward a promised land where they were to settle.
Kings are identified by the Inca word qhapaq, "king," written as capac in Spanish texts.
The sixth ruler in line was Inca Roca. Although we have given the title Sapa Inca to some of his forebears, he was evidently the first to bear it officially.
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
The Sapa Inca (from Quechua: sapa inka; lit. 'the only emperor') was the monarch of the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu "the region of the four [provinces]"), as well as ruler of the earlier Kingdom of Cusco and the later Neo-Inca State at Vilcabamba. While the origins of the position are mythical and originate from the legendary foundation of the city of Cusco, it seems to have come into being historically around AD 1100. Although the Inca believed the Sapa Inca to be the son of Inti (the sun god) and often referred to him as Inti churi "solar son" or Intip churin "son of the sun", the position eventually became hereditary, with son succeeding father. The principal wife of the Inca was known as the coya or quya. The Sapa Inca was at the top of the social hierarchy and played a dominant role in the political and spiritual realm. Manco Capac, the first Inca monarch, adopted the title capac or qhapaq (roughly translated as "king"). Inca Roca, the sixth Inca monarch, was evidently the first to bear the title sapa Inca ("emperor") officially. There were two known dynasties, led by the Hurin and Hanan moieties respectively. The latter was in power at the time of Spanish conquest. The last effective Sapa Inca of Inca Empire was Atahualpa, who was executed by Francisco Pizarro and his conquistadors in 1533, but several successors later claimed the title. Other terms for sapa Inca include apu ("lord"), qhapaq Inka ("mighty Inca") or simply sapa ("the only one").
The Inca Empire, officially known as the Realm of the Four Parts (Quechua: Tawantinsuyu pronounced [taˈwantiŋ ˈsuju], lit. 'land of four parts'), was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political, and military center of the empire was in the city of Cusco. The Inca civilisation rose from the Peruvian highlands sometime in the early 13th century. The Portuguese explorer Aleixo Garcia was the first European to reach the Inca Empire in 1524. Later, in 1532, the Spanish began the conquest of the Inca Empire, and by 1572 the last Inca state was fully conquered. From 1438 to 1533, the Incas incorporated a large portion of western South America, centered on the Andean Mountains, using conquest and peaceful assimilation, among other methods. At its largest, the empire joined modern-day Peru with what are now western Ecuador, western and south-central Bolivia, northwest Argentina, the southwesternmost tip of Colombia and a large portion of modern-day Chile, forming a state comparable to the historical empires of Eurasia. Its official language was Quechua. The Inca Empire was unique in that it lacked many of the features associated with civilization in the Old World. The anthropologist Gordon McEwan wrote that the Incas were able to construct "one of the greatest imperial states in human history" without the use of the wheel, draft animals, knowledge of iron or steel, or even a system of writing. Notable features of the Inca Empire included its monumental architecture, especially stonework, extensive road network (Qhapaq Ñan) reaching all corners of the empire, finely-woven textiles, use of knotted strings (quipu or khipu) for record keeping and communication, agricultural innovations and production in a difficult environment, and the organization and management fostered or imposed on its people and their labor. The Inca Empire functioned largely without money and without markets. Instead, exchange of goods and services was based on reciprocity between individuals and among individuals, groups, and Inca rulers. "Taxes" consisted of a labour obligation of a person to the Empire. The Inca rulers (who theoretically owned all the means of production) reciprocated by granting access to land and goods and providing food and drink in celebratory feasts for their subjects. Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred huacas or wak'a, but the Inca leadership encouraged the sun worship of Inti – their sun god – and imposed its sovereignty above other religious groups, such as that of Pachamama. The Incas considered their king, the Sapa Inca, to be the "son of the Sun". The Inca economy has been the subject of scholarly debate. Darrell E. La Lone, in his work The Inca as a Nonmarket Economy, noted that scholars have previously described it as "feudal, slave, [or] socialist", as well as "a system based on reciprocity and redistribution; a system with markets and commerce; or an Asiatic mode of production."
The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, also known as the Conquest of Peru (Spanish: Conquista española del Imperio incaico), was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas (the broader European colonization of the Americas). After years of preliminary exploration and military skirmishes, 168 Spanish soldiers under conquistador Francisco Pizarro, along with his brothers in arms and their Indian auxiliaries, captured the last Sapa Inca, Atahualpa, at the Battle of Cajamarca in 1532. It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory in 1572 and colonization of the region as the Viceroyalty of Peru. The conquest of the Inca Empire, led to spin-off campaigns into present-day Chile and Colombia, as well as expeditions to the Amazon Basin and the surrounding rainforest. When the Spanish arrived at the borders of the Inca Empire in 1528, it spanned a considerable area and was by far the largest of the four grand pre-Columbian civilizations. Extending southward from the Ancomayo, which is now known as the Patía River, in southern present-day Colombia to the Maule River in what would later be known as Chile, and eastward from the Pacific Ocean to the edge of the Amazonian jungles, it covered some of the most mountainous terrains on Earth. In less than a century, the Inca had expanded their empire from about 400,000 km2 (150,000 sq mi) in 1448 to 1,800,000 km2 (690,000 sq mi) in 1528, just before the arrival of the Spanish. This vast area of land varied greatly in culture and climate. Because of the diverse cultures and geography, the Inca allowed many areas of the empire to be governed under the control of local leaders, who were watched and monitored by Inca officials. Under the administrative mechanisms established by the Inca, all parts of the empire answered to, and were ultimately under the direct control of, the Inca Emperor. Scholars estimate that the population of the Inca Empire was between 12 and 16 million. Some scholars, such as Jared Diamond, believe that while the Spanish conquest was undoubtedly the proximate cause of the collapse of the Inca Empire, it may very well have been past its peak and already in the process of decline. In 1528, Emperor Huayna Capac ruled the Inca Empire. He could trace his lineage back to a "stranger king" named Manco Cápac, the mythical founder of the Inca clan, who, according to tradition, emerged from a cave in a region called Paqariq Tampu. Huayna Capac was the son of the previous ruler, Túpac Inca, and the grandson of Pachacuti, the Emperor who, by conquest, had commenced the dramatic expansion of the Inca Empire from its cultural and traditional base in the area around Cusco. On his accession to the throne, Huayna Capac had continued the policy of expansion by conquest, taking Inca armies north into what is today Ecuador. While he had to put down a number of rebellions during his reign, by the time of his death, his legitimacy was unquestioned, as was the primacy of Inca power. Expansion had caused its own set of problems. Many parts of the empire retained distinct cultures, which were at best reluctant to become part of the greater imperial project. Due to its size, and the fact that all communication and travel had to take place by foot or by boat, the Inca Empire proved increasingly difficult to administer and govern, with the Inca Emperor having increasingly less influence over local areas. Huayna Capac relied on his sons to support his reign. While he had many children, both legitimate – born of his sister-wives, under the Inca system – and illegitimate, two sons are historically important. Prince Túpac Cusi Hualpa, also known as Huáscar, was the son of Coya Mama Rahua Occllo of the royal line. The second was Atahualpa, an illegitimate son who was likely born of a daughter of the last independent King of Quitu, one of the states conquered by Huayna Capac during the expansion of the Inca Empire. These two sons would play pivotal roles in the final years of the Inca Empire. The Spanish conquistador Pizarro and his army of men were greatly aided in their enterprise by invading when the Inca Empire was in the midst of a war of succession between the princes Huáscar and Atahualpa. Atahualpa seems to have spent more time with Huayna Capac during the years when he was in the north with the army conquering Ecuador. Atahualpa was thus closer to and had better relations with the army and its leading generals. When both Huayna Capac and his eldest son and designated heir, Ninan Cuyochic, died suddenly in 1528 from what was probably smallpox, a disease introduced by the Spanish into the Americas, the question of who would succeed as emperor was thrown open. Huayna had died before he could nominate the new heir. At the time of Huayna Capac's death, Huáscar was in the capital Cuzco, while Atahualpa was in Quito with the main body of the Inca army. Huáscar had himself proclaimed Sapa Inca (i.e. "Only Emperor") in Cuzco, but the army declared loyalty to Atahualpa. The resulting dispute led to the Inca Civil War, prior to the conquest.
Manco Inca Yupanqui (Cusco Quechua: Manqu Inka Yupanki, c. 1515 – 1544) was the founder and first Sapa Inca of the independent Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba, although he was originally a puppet Inca Emperor installed by the Spaniards. He was also known as Manco II and Manco Cápac II. He was one of the sons of Huayna Cápac and a younger brother of Huáscar.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Joe Louis.