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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
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Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
In 1968 Shirley Chisholm became the first Black woman elected to the United States Congress. In 1972 she launched a campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, breaking another political barrier.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
In oceanography, sea state is the general condition of the free surface on a large body of water—with respect to wind waves and swell—at a certain location and moment. A sea state is characterized by statistics, including the wave height, period, and spectrum. The sea state varies with time, as the wind and swell conditions change. The sea state can be assessed either by an experienced observer (like a trained mariner) or by using instruments like weather buoys, wave radar, or Earth observation satellites.[1]
The short-term statistics describing the sea state are determined for a time interval in which the sea state is considered to be constant. This duration has to be much longer than the individual wave period, but shorter than the period in which the wind and swell conditions can be expected to vary significantly. Typically, the sea state is assumed to be constant for 15-30 minutes.[1]
The large number of variables involved in creating and describing the sea state cannot be quickly and easily summarized, so simpler scales are used to give an approximate but concise description of conditions for reporting in a ship's log or similar record.[citation needed]
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) sea state code largely adopts the 'wind sea' definition of the Douglas Sea Scale.[citation needed] The direction from which the swell is coming should be recorded.[citation needed]
| WMO Sea State Code | Wave height | Characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 metres (0 ft) | Calm (glassy) |
| 1 | 0 to 0.1 metres (0.0 to 3.9 in) | Calm (rippled) |
| 2 | 0.1 to 0.5 metres (3.9 in to 1 ft 7.7 in) | Smooth (wavelets) |
| 3 | 0.5 to 1.25 metres (1 ft 8 in to 4 ft 1 in) | Slight |
| 4 | 1.25 to 2.5 metres (4 ft 1 in to 8 ft 2 in) | Moderate |
| 5 | 2.5 to 4 metres (8 ft 2 in to 13 ft 1 in) | Rough |
| 6 | 4 to 6 metres (13 to 20 ft) | Very rough |
| 7 | 6 to 9 metres (20 to 30 ft) | High |
| 8 | 9 to 14 metres (30 to 46 ft) | Very high |
| 9 | Over 14 metres (46 ft) | Phenomenal |
| 0. None | |
| Low | 1. Short or average 2. Long |
| Moderate | 3. Short 4. Average 5. Long |
| High | 6. Short 7. Average 8. Long |
| 9. Confused |
In engineering applications, sea states are often characterized by the following two parameters:
In addition to the short-term wave statistics presented above, long-term sea state statistics are often given as a joint frequency table of the significant wave height and the mean wave period. From the long and short-term statistical distributions, it is possible to find the extreme values expected over a given number of years by fitting an extreme value distribution.[3] The extreme value distribution can then inform an engineer about the most extreme significant wave height to be expected during the lifetime of a ship or offshore structure. Using the response amplitude operators of the ship, the engineer can then use the extremes in significant wave height and wave period to calculate the most extreme loads that the ship should be able to withstand. Withstanding significant wave heights that happen on average once in 100 years or once in 1000 years is a common demand for design of ships and offshore structures.[4]
The "Sea State" project within the ESA's Climate Change Initiative (CCI) program created an 18-year data set (2002–2020) covering various sea state-related Essential Climate Variables as measured by the Jason satellite series, other ocean-focused Earth observation satellites, and in situ sources.[5][6][7][8] In 2025, data from CCI Sea State, combined with the new SWOT satellite measurements, were used to describe a new record wave height of nearly 20 m in the open ocean.[9][10]
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
In oceanography, sea state is the general condition of the free surface on a large body of water—with respect to wind waves and swell—at a certain location and moment. A sea state is characterized by statistics, including the wave height, period, and spectrum. The sea state varies with time, as the wind and swell conditions change. The sea state can be assessed either by an experienced observer (like a trained mariner) or by using instruments like weather buoys, wave radar, or Earth observation satellites. The short-term statistics describing the sea state are determined for a time interval in which the sea state is considered to be constant. This duration has to be much longer than the individual wave period, but shorter than the period in which the wind and swell conditions can be expected to vary significantly. Typically, the sea state is assumed to be constant for 15-30 minutes. The large number of variables involved in creating and describing the sea state cannot be quickly and easily summarized, so simpler scales are used to give an approximate but concise description of conditions for reporting in a ship's log or similar record.
Red Sea State (Arabic: ولاية البحر الأحمر, Wilāyat al-Baḥr al-ʾAḥmar) is one of the 18 wilayat (states) of Sudan. It covers an area of about 218,887 km2 and has an estimated population of 1.48 million. The state borders Egypt to the north, River Nile State to the west, Kassala State to the south, Eritrea to the southeast, and the Red Sea to the east. Its capital and largest city is Port Sudan, which serves as Sudan's main seaport and handles around 90% of the country's international trade, making the state Sudan's only maritime outlet to the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. Much of Sudan's coastline lies within Red Sea State, giving it strategic and economic importance, and more than half of its population lives in urban areas. Sudan also claims the Halaib Triangle on the northern frontier as part of Red Sea State, although the area is administered by Egypt and remains the subject of an ongoing territorial dispute.
The Salton Sea State Recreation Area offers hunting, fishing, swimming, and camping to visitors on the northeastern side of the Salton Sea.
Kassala (Arabic: ولاية كسلا, called Ash Sharqiyah during 1991–1994) is one of the 18 wilayat (states) of Sudan. It has an area of 36,710 km2 and an estimated population of approximately 2,519,071 in 2018. The state borders Khartoum to the west, Qadarif to the south, Eritrea to the east, River Nile to the northwest, and Red Sea State to the northeast. Kassala is the capital of the state. Towns in the state of Kassala include Aroma, Hamashkoraib, Halfa el Jadida (New Halfa), Khashm el Girba and Telkuk. In 2016, Kassala State suffered a severe bread shortage.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.
