Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
Cracking may refer to:
In computing:
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Cracking may refer to: Cracking, the formation of a fracture or partial fracture in a solid material studied as fracture mechanics Performing a sternotomy Fluid catalytic cracking, a catalytic process widely used in oil refineries for cracking large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules Cracking (chemistry), the decomposition of complex organic molecules into smaller ones Cracking joints, the practice of manipulating one's bone joints to make a sharp sound Cracking codes, see cryptanalysis Whip cracking Safe cracking Crackin', band featuring Lester Abrams Packing and cracking, a method of creating voting districts to give a political party an advantage In computing: Another name for security hacking; the practice of defeating computer security. Password cracking, the process of discovering the plaintext of an encrypted computer password. Software cracking, the defeating of software copy protection.
This list of security hacking incidents covers important or noteworthy events in the history of security hacking and cracking.
In cryptanalysis and computer security, password cracking is the process of guessing passwords protecting a computer system. A common approach (brute-force attack) is to repeatedly try guesses for the password and to check them against an available cryptographic hash of the password. Another type of approach is password spraying, which is often automated and occurs slowly over time to remain undetected, using a list of common passwords. The purpose of password cracking might be to help a user recover a forgotten password (since installing an entirely new password would involve System Administration privileges), to gain unauthorized access to a system, or to act as a preventive measure whereby system administrators check for easily crackable passwords. On a file-by-file basis, password cracking is utilized to gain access to digital evidence to which a judge has allowed access when a particular file's permissions are restricted. Brute-force password guessing attacks against online systems are usually ineffective because systems are designed to lock accounts after a certain number of unsuccessful login attempts. Obtaining the cryptographic hash of the password makes it possible to perform an unlimited number of offline guesses. Hash files might be obtained by third parties by court-ordered access, or as part of an illegal data breach. If passwords are reused across websites, the hash file obtained from one website can be used for cracking, and then the discovered passwords can be attempted against the same email addresses on other websites. The password spraying approach evades account lockout countermeasures by guessing the same password across many accounts, allowing time to pass between attempts on the same account, which might include legitimate logins. This approach does not target specific accounts.
The Security Account Manager or System Account Manager (SAM) is a database file in Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, 8.1, 10 and 11 that stores users' passwords. It can be used to authenticate local and remote users. Beginning with Windows 2000 SP4, Active Directory authenticates remote users. SAM uses cryptographic measures to prevent unauthenticated users accessing the system. The user passwords are stored in a hashed format in a registry hive either as an LM hash or as an NTLM hash. This file can be found in %SystemRoot%/System32/config/SAM and is mounted on HKLM/SAM and SYSTEM privileges are required to view it. In an attempt to improve the security of the SAM database against offline software cracking, Microsoft introduced the SYSKEY function in Windows NT 4.0. When SYSKEY is enabled, the on-disk copy of the SAM file is partially encrypted, so that the password hash values for all local accounts stored in the SAM are encrypted with a key (usually also referred to as the "SYSKEY"). It can be enabled by running the syskey program. As of Windows 10 version 1709, syskey was removed due to a combination of insecure security and misuse by bad actors to lock users out of systems.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.
