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Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
Katherine Johnson’s mathematical calculations helped guide some of America’s most important early space missions while she confronted the racial and gender barriers faced by Black women in twentieth-century America.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
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| Sources of law |
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Self-dealing is the conduct of a trustee, attorney, corporate officer, or other fiduciary that consists of taking advantage of their position in a transaction and acting in their own interests rather than in the interests of the beneficiaries of the trust, corporate shareholders, or their clients. According to the political scientist Andrew Stark, "[i]n self-dealing, an officeholder's official role allows her to affect one or more of her own personal interests." It is a form of conflict of interest.[1]
Self-dealing may involve misappropriation or usurpation of corporate assets or opportunities. Political scientists Ken Kernaghan and John Langford define self-dealing as "a situation where one takes an action in an official capacity which involves dealing with oneself in a private capacity and which confers a benefit on oneself."[2]
Examples include "work[ing] for government and us[ing] your official position to secure a contract for a private consulting company you own" or "using your government position to get a summer job for your daughter."[3]
Where a fiduciary has engaged in self-dealing, this constitutes a breach of the fiduciary relationship. The principal of that fiduciary (the person to whom duties are owed) may sue and both recover the principal's lost profits and disgorge the fiduciary's wrongful profits.
In the United States, repeated self-dealing by a private foundation can result in the involuntary termination of its tax-exempt status.[4]
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Self-dealing is the conduct of a trustee, attorney, corporate officer, or other fiduciary that consists of taking advantage of their position in a transaction and acting in their own interests rather than in the interests of the beneficiaries of the trust, corporate shareholders, or their clients. According to the political scientist Andrew Stark, "[i]n self-dealing, an officeholder's official role allows her to affect one or more of her own personal interests." It is a form of conflict of interest. Self-dealing may involve misappropriation or usurpation of corporate assets or opportunities. Political scientists Ken Kernaghan and John Langford define self-dealing as "a situation where one takes an action in an official capacity which involves dealing with oneself in a private capacity and which confers a benefit on oneself." Examples include "work[ing] for government and us[ing] your official position to secure a contract for a private consulting company you own" or "using your government position to get a summer job for your daughter." Where a fiduciary has engaged in self-dealing, this constitutes a breach of the fiduciary relationship. The principal of that fiduciary (the person to whom duties are owed) may sue and both recover the principal's lost profits and disgorge the fiduciary's wrongful profits. In the United States, repeated self-dealing by a private foundation can result in the involuntary termination of its tax-exempt status.
The Tax Reform Act of 1969 (Pub. L. 91–172) was a United States federal tax law signed by President Richard Nixon on December 30, 1969. Its largest impact was creating the alternative minimum tax, which was intended to tax high-income earners who had previously avoided incurring tax liability due to various exemptions and deductions. It also established individual and corporate minimum taxes and a new tax schedule for single taxpayers. The act slightly increased standard deductions and personal exemptions and created more stringent requirements on nonprofit organizations, which many argue drove them to professionalization. One requirement in the law was that foundations were unable to control a private company, and the distinction between public charities and private foundations was created. Associate Professor of Law Philip Hackney said Congress "revamped the tax rules to force charitable foundations created and controlled by the wealthy to pay out charitable dollars annually and avoid self-dealing."
The duty of loyalty is often called the cardinal principle of fiduciary relationships, but is particularly strict in the law of trusts. In that context, the term refers to a trustee's duty to administer the trust solely in the interest of the beneficiaries, and following the terms of the trust. It generally prohibits a trustee from engaging in transactions that might involve self-dealing or even an appearance of conflict of interest. Furthermore, it requires a fiduciary to deal with transparency regarding material facts known to them in interactions with beneficiaries. Duty of loyalty in corporation law to describe a fiduciary's "conflicts of interest and requires fiduciaries to put the corporation's interests ahead of their own." "Corporate fiduciaries breach their duty of loyalty when they divert corporate assets, opportunities, or information for personal gain." It is generally acceptable if a company director makes a decision for the corporation that profits both the director and the corporation, but the duty of loyalty is breached when the director puts his or her interest ahead of that of the corporation.
Tod's S.p.A. is an Italian luxury fashion company specializing in footwear, leather goods, and accessories. Originating as a family shoemaking business founded in the late 1920s, it was expanded into industrial production in the 1970s by Diego Della Valle and grew internationally from the 1980s. The company also developed the Fay and Hogan brands under what became Tod's Group, and was publicly listed on the Borsa Italiana in 2000 until its privatization in 2024. Tod's has been repeatedly involved in controversies concerning governance, intellectual property, and public–private boundaries. The group's acquisition of French luxury shoemaker Roger Vivier in the 1990s drew sustained criticism from investors and media over alleged self-dealing by the controlling Della Valle family, culminating in a disputed valuation and subsequent whitewash procedure. In 2011, Tod's faced public backlash and regulatory intervention after attempting to secure exclusive commercial rights to the image of the Colosseum in exchange for funding its restoration. The company has also been the subject of recurring imitation and trademark disputes, including long-standing accusations that its flagship Gommino shoe copied the earlier The Original Car Shoe design, litigation over a "double-T" logo, and renewed international criticism over alleged copying and cultural appropriation in the mid-2020s. In the 2020s, governance concerns resurfaced during failed and renewed privatization attempts, with activist investors challenging the fairness of valuation methodologies used by the board. In 2024, Tod's was taken private following a transaction involving the Della Valle family and L Catterton (backed by LVMH), ending its stock-market listing. In 2025, Italian prosecutors announced an investigation into Tod's and several executives over alleged labour abuses and misleading "Made in Italy" claims linked to third-party suppliers, and sought a temporary ban on the company's advertising.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.
