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Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Katherine Johnson’s mathematical calculations helped guide some of America’s most important early space missions while she confronted the racial and gender barriers faced by Black women in twentieth-century America.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
The iSCSI Extensions for RDMA (iSER) is a computer network protocol that extends the Internet Small Computer System Interface (iSCSI) protocol to use Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA).
RDMA can be provided by:
iSER permits data to be transferred directly into and out of SCSI computer memory buffers (those which connect computers and storage devices) without intermediate data copies and with minimal CPU involvement.
An RDMA consortium was announced on May 31, 2002, with a goal of product implementations by 2003.[1] The consortium released their proposal in July, 2003.[2] The protocol specifications were published as drafts in September 2004 in the Internet Engineering Task Force and issued as RFCs in October 2007.[3][4] The OpenIB Alliance was renamed in 2007 to the OpenFabrics Alliance, and then released an open source software package.[5]
The motivation for iSER is to use RDMA to avoid unnecessary data copying on the target and initiator. The Datamover Architecture (DA) defines an abstract model in which the movement of data between iSCSI end nodes is logically separated from the rest of the iSCSI protocol; iSER is one Datamover protocol. The interface between iSCSI and the Datamover protocol, iSER in this case, is called Datamover Interface (DI).
The main difference between the standard iSCSI and iSCSI over iSER is the execution of SCSI read/write commands. With iSER the target drives all data transfer (with the exception of iSCSI unsolicited data) by issuing RDMA write/read operations, respectively. When the iSCSI layer issues an iSCSI command PDU, it calls the Send_Control primitive, which is part of the DI. The Send_Control primitive sends the STag with the PDU. The iSER layer in the target side notifies the target that the PDU was received with the Control_Notify primitive (which is part of the DI). The target calls the Put_Data or Get_Data primitives (which are part of the DI) to perform an RDMA write/read operation respectively. Then, the target calls the Send_Control primitive to send a response to the initiator. An example is shown in the figures (time progresses from top to bottom).
All iSCSI control-type PDUs contain an iSER header, which allows the initiator to advertise the STags that were generated during buffer registration. The target will use the STags later for RDMA read/write operations.
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The Linux-IO (LIO) is an open-source Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) target implementation included with the Linux kernel. Unlike initiators, which begin sessions, LIO functions as a target, presenting one or more Logical Unit Numbers (LUNs) to a SCSI initiator, receiving SCSI commands, and managing the input/output data transfers. LIO supports a wide range of storage protocols and transport fabrics, including but not limited to Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE), Fibre Channel, IEEE 1394 and iSCSI. It is utilized in several Linux distributions and is a popular choice for cloud environments due to its integration with tools like QEMU/KVM, libvirt, and OpenStack. The LIO project is maintained by Datera, a Silicon Valley-based storage solutions provider. On January 15, 2011, LIO was merged into the Linux kernel mainline with version 2.6.38, which was officially released on March 14, 2011. Subsequent versions of the Linux kernel have introduced additional fabric modules to expand its compatibility. LIO competes with other SCSI target modules in the Linux ecosystem. The SCSI Target Framework (SCST) is a prominent alternative for general SCSI target functionality, while for iSCSI-specific targets, the older iSCSI Enterprise Target (IET) and SCSI Target Framework (STGT) also have industry adoption.
Future Domain Corporation was a privately held American computer hardware company active from 1982 to 1995 and based in Orange County, California. The company was among the first to produce Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) device controller expansion cards, later controller ICs. It was acquired by Adaptec in 1995 for US$25 million.
Small Computer System Interface (SCSI, SKUZ-ee) is a set of standards for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices, best known for its use with storage devices such as hard disk drives. SCSI was introduced in the 1980s and has seen widespread use on servers and high-end workstations, with new SCSI standards being published as recently as SAS-4 in 2017. The SCSI standards define commands, protocols, electrical, optical and logical interfaces. The SCSI standard defines command sets for specific peripheral device types. The initial Parallel SCSI was most commonly used for hard disk drives and tape drives, but it can connect a wide range of other devices, including scanners and optical disc drives, although not all controllers can handle all devices. The first SCSI standard, X3.131-1986, generally referred to as SCSI-1, was published by the X3T9 technical committee of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986. SCSI-2 was published in August 1990 as X3.T9.2/86-109, with further revisions in 1994 and subsequent adoption of a multitude of interfaces. Further refinements have resulted in improvements in performance and support for ever-increasing data storage capacity.
The iSCSI Extensions for RDMA (iSER) is a computer network protocol that extends the Internet Small Computer System Interface (iSCSI) protocol to use Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA). RDMA can be provided by: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) with RDMA services (iWARP), which uses an existing Ethernet setup and therefore has lower hardware costs. RoCE (RDMA over Converged Ethernet), which does not need the TCP layer and therefore provides lower latency. InfiniBand iSER permits data to be transferred directly into and out of SCSI computer memory buffers (those which connect computers and storage devices) without intermediate data copies and with minimal CPU involvement.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.