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Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
中国社会科学院 | |||||||
 | |||||||
 CASS headquarters | |||||||
| Abbreviation | CASS | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formation | May 7, 1977 | ||||||
| Type | Think tank | ||||||
| Headquarters | South Middle Ring Road, Wangjing Area, Chaoyang District | ||||||
| Location | Beijing, China | ||||||
| Coordinates | 39°54′28″N 116°25′34″E / 39.9078°N 116.4262°E | ||||||
Party Secretary and President | Gao Xiang | ||||||
Parent organization | State Council of China | ||||||
| Subsidiaries | China Social Sciences Press | ||||||
| Website | cssn | ||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 中国社会科学院 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 中國社會科學院 | ||||||
| |||||||
The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) is a state research institute and think tank of the People's Republic of China. It is a ministry-level institution under the State Council. The CASS is considered the country's top academic institution for philosophy and social sciences research.
The CASS was founded in May 1977. Its predecessor was the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The main research objects of the Academy of Social Sciences are the language, philosophy, law, economy, religion, ethnicity, archaeology, history and literature of China and other countries in the world. The Academy of Social Sciences is divided into 6 academic departments and 37 research institutes.
The predecessor of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences was the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, established in 1955.[1] The Division of Philosophy and Social Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the predecessor of CASS, elected 61 members of the academy.[2]
The CASS was established in May 1977 based on splitting the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, with the aim of promoting the development of philosophy and social sciences, under the instruction of Deng Xiaoping.[3]: 86–87 The first president was Hu Qiaomu.[3]: 87 [2]
In 1979, CASS Vice President Huan Xiang led the first Chinese delegation of social scientists to travel to the United States.[3]: 88
In August 2006, the first batch of 47 members and 95 honorary members of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences were selected.[4][2] Subsequent elections were held in:[5][6][7]
Up to 2024, a total of 82 members had been selected from the entire academy (as of March 2022, there were 133 honorary members).[8][2]
The Membership of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (Chinese: 中国社会科学院学部委员) and Honorary Membership of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (Chinese: 中国社会科学院荣誉学部委员) are the highest academic titles within CASS, and are lifelong honors. The members are active scholars, while honorary members are retired scholars. They are elected for different academic divisions of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences every four years.[8][2][9][10]
The selection processes include:[6][8][2][10]
The Election is carried out every two to four years. Unlike the selection of academicians for the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, the members and honorary members are selected only from within the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, with no participation from universities or other social science circles.[10][11]
CASS members do not enjoy any special treatment in terms of material benefits.[8]
Honorary Members are:
The honorary members were elected by members and the honorary members selection committee and approved by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences administrative meeting. They do not participate in administrative functions but retain lifetime recognition. Honorary members and members of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences have an academic status roughly equivalent to academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering.[4][2]
The CASS is a ministry-level institution under the State Council.[12][13][14] As of 2012[update], CASS has over 3,200 resident scholars.[15][needs update] As of November 2020, the CASS has 6 university departments, 42 research institutes, 6 functional departments, 5 directly affiliated institutions, and 3 directly affiliated companies.[16] Of its functional departments, five are focused on research.[17]
CASS houses the Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, which later became the University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.[18][non-primary source needed]
The Institute of Taiwan Studies at CASS is under the control of the Fifteenth Bureau of the Ministry of State Security.[19][20][21]
The Dictionary Editing Office of the Institute of Linguistics edits Xiandai Hanyu Cidian and the Xinhua Dictionary.[22][23] The China Social Sciences Press was established in June 1978 under the auspices of the CASS,[24] and has published over 8,000 books since its inception.[25]
The CASS has the following internal structure:[26][16]
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Every quarter, CASS hosts a high-level seminar to which it invites officials from other developing countries to discuss topics including governance in China, poverty alleviation, and socio-economic development.[27]
According to Chen Daoyin, a former professor at the Shanghai University of Political Science and Law, CASS "is not so much an academic institution but a body to formulate party ideology to support the leadership."[28] CASS employees periodically submit observations of colleagues' behavior to inspection teams, especially of colleagues who criticize the Chinese Communist Party in private.[29]
| English name | Chinese name | Took office | Left office | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hu Qiaomu | 胡乔木 | 1977 | 1982 | [citation needed] |
| Ma Hong | 马洪 | 1982 | 1985 | [citation needed] |
| Hu Qiaomu | 胡乔木 | 1985 | 1988 | [citation needed] |
| Hu Sheng | 胡绳 | 1988 | 1998 | [30] |
| Li Tieying | 李铁映 | March 1998 | January 2003 | [31] |
| Chen Kuiyuan | 陈奎元 | January 2003 | April 2013 | [32] |
| Wang Weiguang | 王伟光 | April 2013 | March 2018 | [33] |
| Xie Fuzhan | 谢伏瞻 | March 2018 | May 2022 | [34] |
| Shi Taifeng | 石泰峰 | May 2022 | December 2022 | [35] |
| Gao Xiang | 高翔 | December 2022 | Incumbent | [28] |
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) is a state research institute and think tank of the People's Republic of China. It is a ministry-level institution under the State Council. The CASS is considered the country's top academic institution for philosophy and social sciences research. The CASS was founded in May 1977. Its predecessor was the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The main research objects of the Academy of Social Sciences are the language, philosophy, law, economy, religion, ethnicity, archaeology, history and literature of China and other countries in the world. The Academy of Social Sciences is divided into 6 academic departments and 37 research institutes.
Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences (HASS) (or Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, AHSS), also known as social studies, is a broad term that groups together the academic disciplines of humanities, arts and social sciences. It is viewed as an academic counterpart to Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) in the United States, Canada, India, Australia, and other countries. HASS graduates comprise the majority of the workforce in many developed countries (e.g. 64% in Australia). However, HASS courses often receive lower governmental funding and may have lower reputations within universities. There is a measured relationship between citizens' HASS awareness with more accurate threat perceptions, high community activity, and cultural engagement at the local level. In recent years, a return to a holistic reintegration of HASS and STEM disciplines has been promoted in the U.S. by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Some of the disciplines it covers are philosophy, theology, sociology, communication sciences, social psychology, human geography, demography, anthropology, social work, linguistics, history, archaeology, politics, economics, law, pedagogy, journalism, literature, musicology, administration, accounting, commerce, music, dance, painting, sculpture, graphic design, theater, cinematography, interior design, industrial design, criticism, art history, cultural studies, tourism, gastronomy, among others. In the Philippines, a similar term called humanities and social sciences is used to describe a senior high strand that involves the liberal arts. This strand was set up in place as part of the K-12 program that was implemented in the country.
The Singapore University of Social Sciences (SUSS) is a public autonomous university in Singapore. Established in 2017 through the restructuring of SIM University, SUSS focuses on applied degree programmes primarily in the social sciences. SUSS offers undergraduate and graduate programmes through six academic schools. Its continuing education offerings are delivered through SUSS Academy, while the Institute for Adult Learning (IAL) operates as an autonomous institute within SUSS. The Patron of SUSS is Singapore President Tharman Shanmugaratnam, the Chancellor is Halimah Yacob, and the Pro-Chancellors are Edmund Cheng and Loo Choon Yong. Key academic leaders include President Professor Tan Tai Yong and Provost Professor Robbie Goh. The university is located at 463 Clementi Road. SUSS also uses external premises to conduct lessons.
In the social sciences, framing is a set of concepts and theoretical perspectives on how individuals, groups, and societies organize, perceive, and communicate about reality. Framing can manifest in thought or interpersonal communication. Frames in thought consist of the mental representations, interpretations, and simplifications of reality. Frames in communication consist of the communication of frames between different actors. Framing is a key component of sociology, the study of social interaction among humans. Framing is an integral part of conveying and processing data daily. Successful framing techniques can be used to reduce the ambiguity of intangible topics by contextualizing the information in such a way that recipients can connect to what they already know. In social theory, framing is a schema of interpretation, a collection of anecdotes and stereotypes, that individuals rely on to understand and respond to events. In other words, people build a series of mental "filters" through biological and cultural influences. They then use these filters to make sense of the world. The choices they then make are influenced by their creation of a frame. Framing involves social construction of a social phenomenon – by mass media sources, political or social movements, political leaders, or other actors and organizations. Participation in a language community necessarily influences an individual's perception of the meanings attributed to words or phrases. Politically, the language communities of advertising, religion, and mass media are highly contested, whereas framing in less-sharply defended language communities might evolve imperceptibly and organically over cultural time frames, with fewer overt modes of disputation. One can view framing in communication as positive or negative – depending on the audience and what kind of information is being presented. The framing may be in the form of equivalence frames, where two or more logically equivalent alternatives are portrayed in different ways (see framing effect) or emphasis frames, which simplify reality by focusing on a subset of relevant aspects of a situation or issue. In the case of "equivalence frames", the information being presented is based on the same facts, but the "frame" in which it is presented changes, thus creating a reference-dependent perception. The effects of framing can be seen in journalism: the frame surrounding the issue can change the reader's perception without having to alter the actual facts as the same information is used as a base. This is done through the media's choice of certain words and images to cover a story (e.g. using the word fetus vs. the word baby). In the context of politics or mass-media communication, a frame defines the packaging of an element of rhetoric in such a way as to encourage certain interpretations and to discourage others. For political purposes, framing often presents facts in such a way that implicates a problem that requires a solution. Members of political parties attempt to frame issues in a way that makes a solution favoring their own political leaning appear as the most appropriate course of action for the situation at hand.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Madam C.J. Walker