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Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Mansa Musa was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa. Details recorded here should be sourced; unknown information is left blank.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
 | This article needs more citations. (August 2015) |
In free and open-source software (FOSS) development communities, a forge is a web-based collaborative software platform for both developing and sharing computer applications.
For software developers it is an online service to host the tools they need to work and communicate with their coworkers. It provides a workflow to propose modifications and engage in discussions. The goal is to reach an agreement that will allow these modifications to be merged into the software repository.
The source code itself is stored in a revision control system and linked to a wide range of services such as a code review, bug database, continuous integration, etc. When a development community forks, it duplicates the content of the forge and is then able to modify it without asking permission. A community may rely on services scattered on multiple forges: they are not necessarily hosted under the same domain.
The term forge refers to a common prefix or suffix adopted by various platforms created after the example of SourceForge in 2001.[1] This usage of the word stems from the metalworking forge, used for shaping metal parts.
In 2023 the two most widely used collaborative development platforms are not advertised as being forges.
Although they share all the technical aspects of what constitutes a forge, the documentation and marketing material does not make use of the term forges.
However, in FOSS development communities, and since the inception of the first SourceForge fork in 2001, the term forge is still commonly used to designate online collaborative software platforms.
Some online services do not qualify as a forge, even when they share some of its essential aspects. For instance a standalone code review service such as Gerrit is sometimes integrated in a forge that lacks integrated code review but cannot be used to distribute the software to end users.
Similarly, online services that focus on project management or issue tracking such as Trac, Redmine or OpenProject do not provide a workflow to be used by software developers to discuss the changes they propose and merge the outcome in the software repository. These services may include limited integration with a range of version control system, for visualization and citing code it contains, but that alone is more of a feature than a workflow a developer can use.
Two different kinds of concepts are commonly referred to by the term forge:
All these platforms provide similar tools helpful to software developers working in the hosted projects:
Some provide other features as well, such as code review.
In addition to the web user interface, it is common for a forge to provide a REST API with documentation (GitHub,[4] GitLab,[5] Gitea,[6] etc.) to enable interoperability with other products. Forge users can also install webhooks to notify a third party online service when an event happens on their software project (for instance the webhook can be called when a new issue is created[7]).
Federation and the associated protocol ActivityPub (introduced in 2018) allows forges to communicate with each other about their activities (for instance when issues are created[8] or a commit is pushed[9]). Although native federation support is sometime discussed[10] or in progress[11] it is not yet available. Third party projects emerged to bridge the gap such as a plugin for the pagure forge[12] or a proxy supporting ActivityPub and translating it to REST API calls to the designated forge.[13]
There is no SSO that applications and users could rely on to authenticate with all forges. Instead it is common for a forge to support a number of authentication providers: if a user already has an account they can use it to authenticate on the forge and do not need to create a new account (for instance GitLab supports OAuth2 providers such as GitHub[14]). Some forges can act as an authentication provider (for instance Gitea is an OAuth2 provider[15] as well as GitLab[16]).
To improve the user and the system administrator experience when using multiple online services, some forges are integrated with popular third-party software and services such as online chat (for instance Mattermost has a plugin for GitHub[17] and is natively support by GitLab[18]).
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Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
In free and open-source software (FOSS) development communities, a forge is a web-based collaborative software platform for both developing and sharing computer applications. For software developers it is an online service to host the tools they need to work and communicate with their coworkers. It provides a workflow to propose modifications and engage in discussions. The goal is to reach an agreement that will allow these modifications to be merged into the software repository. The source code itself is stored in a revision control system and linked to a wide range of services such as a code review, bug database, continuous integration, etc. When a development community forks, it duplicates the content of the forge and is then able to modify it without asking permission. A community may rely on services scattered on multiple forges: they are not necessarily hosted under the same domain.
A software development kit (SDK) is a collection of software development tools in one installable package. They facilitate the creation of applications by having a compiler, debugger and sometimes a software framework. They are normally specific to a hardware platform and operating system combination. To create applications with advanced functionalities such as advertisements, push notifications, etc., most application software developers use specific software development kits. Some SDKs are required for developing a platform-specific app. For example, the development of an Android app on the Java platform requires a Java Development Kit. For iOS applications (apps) the iOS SDK is required. For Universal Windows Platform the .NET Framework SDK might be used. There are also SDKs that add additional features and can be installed in apps to provide analytics, data about application activity, and monetization options. Some prominent creators of these types of SDKs include Google, Smaato, InMobi, and Facebook.
The Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) is an information technology conference held annually by Apple. Since 2020, the conference is held at Apple Park in Cupertino, California. The event is used to showcase new software and technologies in the macOS, iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, tvOS, and visionOS families as well as other Apple software; new hardware products are sometimes announced as well. WWDC is also an event hosted for third-party software developers that work on apps for iPhones, iPads, Macs, and other Apple devices. Attendees can participate in hands-on labs with Apple engineers and attend in-depth sessions covering a wide variety of topics. The first WWDC was held in 1983, with the introduction of Apple Basic, but it was not until 2002 that Apple started using the conference as a major launchpad for new products. Beginning in 1987, WWDC was held in Santa Clara. After 15 years in nearby San Jose, the conference moved to San Francisco, where it eventually became Apple's primary media event of the year and regularly sold out. WWDC returned to San Jose 13 years later. WWDC 2020 and WWDC 2021 were hosted as online-only conferences due to the COVID-19 pandemic. WWDC 2022 invited developers and the press back to Apple Park for the first time in about three years despite the COVID-19 pandemic. Customers and consumers watched the event via online live streams. All of these events were hosted at Apple Park in Cupertino, California. WWDC 2023, 2024 and 2025 were held both online and in-person. The most recent conference, WWDC 2026, was held both online and in-person from June 8 to June 12, 2026.
A software standard is a standard, protocol, or other common format of a document, file, or data transfer accepted and used by one or more software developers while working on one or more than one computer programs. Software standards enable interoperability between different programs created by different developers.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Joe Louis.