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Mansa Musa was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa. Details recorded here should be sourced; unknown information is left blank.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| The population of birds |
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This is a list of Sphenisciformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by experts in their fields.
Sphenisciformes (from the Latin for "wedge-shaped") is the taxonomic order to which penguins belong. The IOC World Bird List recognizes 19 species of Sphenisciformes.[1] BirdLife International has assessed 18 species (95% of total species), all of which have had their population estimated. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names and taxonomies are noted.
A variety of methods are used for counting penguins, including the first census from space in April 2012, when imagery from Ikonos, QuickBird-2, and WorldView-2 satellites were used to count emperor penguins in Antarctica.[2] Most maritime surveys use strip transect and distance sampling to measure penguin species density; this is then extrapolated over the animal's range.[3] The Galapagos penguin has been counted annually since 1961 by the Galápagos National Park Service.[4] For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology.
Extinct species from this order include the Waitaha penguin, which went extinct between 1300–1500 (soon after the Polynesian arrival to New Zealand)[5], and the Chatham penguin, which is only known through subfossils; however, an extant individual may have been kept in captivity by researchers sometime between 1867 and 1872.[6]
| Common name | Binomial name | Population | Status | Trend | Notes | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Galapagos penguin | Spheniscus mendiculus | 1,200[7] | EN[7] |  [7] |
| |
| Yellow-eyed penguin | Megadyptes antipodes | 2,600-3,000[8] | EN[8] | [8] |
| |
| Fiordland penguin | Eudyptes pachyrhynchus | 12,500-50,000[9] | VU[9] | [9] |
| |
| African penguin | Spheniscus demersus | 19,800[10] | CR[10] | [10] |
Number of total adult birds is estimated to be 31,680.[10] | 
|
| Humboldt penguin | Spheniscus humboldti | 23,800[11] | VU[11] | [11] |
Values is considered the maximum estimate for breeding population.[11] | 
|
| Snares penguin | Eudyptes robustus | 63,000[12] | VU[12] |  [12] |
| |
| Erect-crested penguin | Eudyptes sclateri | 150,000[13] | EN[13] | [13] |
Population breeds in two locations: the Bounty Islands (26,000 pairs), & the Antipodes Islands (34,226 pairs).[13] | 
|
| Northern rockhopper penguin | Eudyptes moseleyi | 413,700[14] | EN[14] | [14] |
| |
| Little penguin | Eudyptula minor | 469,760[15] | LC[15] | [15]
|
| |
| Emperor penguin | Aptenodytes forsteri | 513,000[16] | NT[16] | [16] |
Estimate based on an approximate 256,500 breeding pairs counted from satellite images.[16] | 
|
| Gentoo penguin | Pygoscelis papua | 774,000[17] | LC[17] | [17] |
| |
| Royal penguin | Eudyptes schlegeli | 1,340,000-1,660,000[18] | LC[18] | ?[18] | Best estimate for mature individuals is 1.5 million individuals. | 
|
| King penguin | Aptenodytes patagonicus | 2,168,640-2,456,640[19] | LC[19] |  [19]
|
Values are an estimate for mature individuals; IUCN reports an estimated "1.1 million annual breeding pairs (range 1,084,320-1,228,320)."[19] | 
|
| Magellanic penguin | Spheniscus magellanicus | 2,200,000-3,200,000[20] | LC[20] | [20] |
| |
| Southern rockhopper penguin
(Western rockhopper penguin) |
Eudyptes chrysocome | 2,500,000[21] | VU[21] | [21] |
IOC taxonomic guidance splits Eastern rockhopper penguin into its own species from this species.[1]
IUCN/BirdLife International currently retain both species within E. chrysocome.[22] |
|
| Chinstrap penguin | Pygoscelis antarcticus | 8,000,000[23] | LC[23] | [23] |
| |
| Adélie penguin | Pygoscelis adeliae | 10,000,000[24] | LC[24] | [24] |
| |
| Macaroni penguin | Eudyptes chrysolophus | 12,600,000[25] | VU[25] | [25] |
Population is estimated at 6.3 million breeding pairs; main population centres at Isles Crozet (2.2 million pairs, with 1 million on Île des Pingouins), Heard Island (1 million pairs), Kerguelen (1.8 million pairs), & South Georgia (1 million pairs).[25] | 
|
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
This is a list of Sphenisciformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by experts in their fields. Sphenisciformes (from the Latin for "wedge-shaped") is the taxonomic order to which penguins belong. The IOC World Bird List recognizes 19 species of Sphenisciformes. BirdLife International has assessed 18 species (95% of total species), all of which have had their population estimated. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names and taxonomies are noted. A variety of methods are used for counting penguins, including the first census from space in April 2012, when imagery from Ikonos, QuickBird-2, and WorldView-2 satellites were used to count emperor penguins in Antarctica. Most maritime surveys use strip transect and distance sampling to measure penguin species density; this is then extrapolated over the animal's range. The Galapagos penguin has been counted annually since 1961 by the Galápagos National Park Service. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. Extinct species from this order include the Waitaha penguin, which went extinct between 1300–1500 (soon after the Polynesian arrival to New Zealand), and the Chatham penguin, which is only known through subfossils; however, an extant individual may have been kept in captivity by researchers sometime between 1867 and 1872.
Flightless birds are birds that cannot fly, as they have, through evolution, lost the ability. There are over 60 extant species, including the well-known ratites (ostriches (Struthio), emus (Dromaius), cassowaries (Casuarius), rheas, kiwis (Apteryx)), and penguins (Sphenisciformes). The smallest flightless bird is the Inaccessible Island rail (length 12.5 cm, weight 34.7 g). The largest (both heaviest and tallest) flightless bird, which is also the largest living bird in general, is the common ostrich (2.7 m, 156 kg). Some domesticated birds, such as the domestic chicken, have lost the ability to fly for extended periods, although their ancestral species, the red junglefowl and others, respectively, are capable of extended flight. A few particularly bred birds, such as the Broad Breasted White turkey, have become totally flightless as a result of selective breeding; the birds were bred to grow massive breast meat that weighs too much for the bird's wings to support in flight. Flightlessness has evolved in many different birds independently, demonstrating repeated convergent evolution. There were families of flightless birds, such as the now-extinct Phorusrhacidae, that evolved to be powerful terrestrial predators. Taking this to a greater extreme, the terror birds (and their relatives the bathornithids), eogruids, geranoidids, gastornithiforms, and dromornithids (all extinct) all evolved similar body shapes – long legs, long necks and big heads – but none of them were closely related. Furthermore, they also share traits with some of the ratites of being giant, flightless birds with vestigial wings, long legs, and long necks, although they are unrelated.
Aequornithes (, from Latin aequor, expanse of water + Greek ornithes, birds), or core water birds, are defined in the PhyloCode as "the least inclusive crown clade containing Pelecanus onocrotalus and Gavia immer", that is, the last common ancestor of the great white pelican and the common loon, as well as its descendants, extinct and extant. Aequornithes, as currently understood, includes the clades Gaviiformes (loons), Sphenisciformes (penguins), Procellariiformes (petrels and albatrosses), Ciconiiformes (storks), Suliformes (gannets and cormorants) and Pelecaniformes (pelicans and herons). The monophyly of this grouping is supported by several molecular phylogenetic studies. It does not include several unrelated groups of aquatic birds such as flamingos and grebes (Mirandornithes), shorebirds, gulls, and auks (Charadriiformes), or the Anseriformes (waterfowl). The group first appeared during the Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous, with the earliest known member being Pujatopouli from the López de Bertodano Formation of Seymour Island, Antarctica. Based on a whole-genome analysis of the bird orders, the kagu and sunbittern (Eurypygiformes) and the three species of tropicbirds (Phaethontiformes) together styled as the Eurypygimorphae are the closest sister group of the Aequornithes, in a clade later named Phaethoquornithes.
Austrodyptornithes is a clade of birds that include the orders Sphenisciformes (penguins) and Procellariiformes (tube-nosed seabirds). A 2014 analysis of whole genomes of 48 representative bird species concluded that penguins are the sister group of Procellariiformes, from which they diverged about 60 million years ago.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.
