Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
q2K BHP
Black History Portal
THE BHP WIRE —
HIDDEN TRUTHS
What's New!
Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
Katherine Johnson’s mathematical calculations helped guide some of America’s most important early space missions while she confronted the racial and gender barriers faced by Black women in twentieth-century America.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
Stacks are a feature of the Dock in Apple's macOS that lets a folder placed in the Dock display its contents directly from the Dock. A folder in the Dock can be displayed either as a folder icon or as a “stack” of items, and its contents can be shown as a fan, grid, or list, with multiple sorting options.[1]
Stacks were introduced in Mac OS X Leopard (10.5) and were previewed at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) in 2007. Apple demonstrated a default Downloads stack in the Dock to provide quick access to downloaded files.[2]
In the initial release of Leopard, Stacks supported fan and grid views. Mac OS X 10.5.2 added a list view and additional options such as displaying a Dock item as either a folder icon or a stack.[3]
Reviews of Mac OS X Snow Leopard (10.6) noted that Stacks in grid view became scrollable and could display the contents of subfolders within the stack interface, reducing the need to open a separate Finder window for navigation.[4]
A stack is created by dragging a folder to the right side of the Dock (the side that contains folders and the Trash). Selecting the stack displays the folder’s contents; users can open items directly, or choose an option to open the folder in Finder.[1]
Using the stack’s shortcut menu (for example, by Control-clicking the stack), users can change the stack’s view style (fan, grid, or list), choose a sort order, and switch the Dock item’s appearance between a folder icon and a stacked-items icon.[1]
In macOS Mojave (10.14), Apple introduced a separate feature also called Stacks (often described as “Desktop Stacks”), which automatically groups files on the desktop into expandable piles to reduce clutter.[5] Desktop stacks can be enabled from the Finder “View” menu when the desktop is active, and can group items by kind and other attributes.[6]
| Versions |
| ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Applications |
| ||||||||||||
| Technologies, user interface | |||||||||||||
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Stacks are a feature of the Dock in Apple's macOS that lets a folder placed in the Dock display its contents directly from the Dock. A folder in the Dock can be displayed either as a folder icon or as a “stack” of items, and its contents can be shown as a fan, grid, or list, with multiple sorting options.
Mac OS X Leopard (version 10.5) is the sixth major release of macOS, Apple's desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers. Leopard was released on October 26, 2007, as the successor of Mac OS X Tiger, and is available in two editions: a desktop version suitable for personal computers, and a server version, Mac OS X Server. It retailed for $129 for the desktop version and $499 for Server. Leopard was superseded by Mac OS X Snow Leopard (version 10.6) in 2009. Mac OS X Leopard is the last version of macOS that supports the PowerPC architecture as its successor, Mac OS X Snow Leopard, functions solely on Intel based Macs. It is also the first version of Mac OS X not to support the G3 family of PowerPC processors. According to Apple, Leopard contains over 300 changes and enhancements compared to its predecessor, Mac OS X Tiger, covering core operating system components as well as included applications and developer tools. Leopard introduces a significantly revised desktop, with a redesigned Dock, Stacks, a semitransparent menu bar, and an updated Finder that incorporates the Cover Flow visual navigation interface first seen in iTunes. Other notable features include support for writing 64-bit graphical user interface applications, an automated backup utility called Time Machine, support for Spotlight searches across multiple machines, and the inclusion of Front Row and Photo Booth, which were previously included with only some Mac models. Apple missed Leopard's release time frame as originally announced by Apple's CEO Steve Jobs. When first discussed in June 2005, Jobs had stated that Apple intended to release Leopard at the end of 2006 or early 2007. A year later, this was amended to Spring 2007; on April 12, 2007, Apple issued a statement that its release would be delayed until October 2007 because of the development of the iPhone.
Mac OS X 10.0, codenamed "Cheetah", is the first major release of Apple's Mac OS X (now macOS) operating system. Released on March 24, 2001, it served as a successor to Mac OS 9 and the classic Mac OS as a whole. Mac OS X introduced major changes to the Mac OS architecture and user interface; it adopted a new Unix-like architecture derived from elements of BSD and NeXTSTEP, which are intended to improve the operating system's stability and multitasking capabilities in comparison to the classic Mac OS. It incorporates a new graphical user interface known as "Aqua", which features increased use of transparency and animation effects, and a new application launcher known as the Dock. Mac OS X uses two main frameworks for applications, including Carbon, an updated version of the original Mac OS APIs, and Cocoa, an object-oriented infrastructure based on that of NeXTSTEP.
Mac OS X Snow Leopard (version 10.6; later referred to as OS X Snow Leopard) is the seventh major release of macOS, Apple's desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers. Snow Leopard was publicly unveiled on June 8, 2009, at Apple’s Worldwide Developers Conference. On August 28, 2009, it was released worldwide, and was made available for purchase from Apple's website and retail stores at the price of US$29 for a single-user license. As a result of its low price, initial sales of Snow Leopard were significantly higher than its predecessors, which had prices starting at US$129. The release of Snow Leopard came nearly two years after the launch of Mac OS X Leopard, the second longest time span between successive Mac OS X releases (the time span between Tiger and Leopard was the longest). The goals of Snow Leopard were improved performance, greater efficiency and the reduction of its overall memory footprint, unlike previous versions of Mac OS X which focused more on new features. Apple famously marketed Snow Leopard as having "zero new features". Its name signified its goal to be a refinement of the previous OS X version, Leopard. Much of the software in Mac OS X was extensively rewritten for this release in order to take full advantage of modern Macintosh hardware and software technologies (64-bit, Cocoa, etc.). New programming frameworks, such as OpenCL, were created, allowing software developers to use graphics cards in their applications. It was also the first Mac OS release since System 7.1.1 to not support Macs using PowerPC processors, as Apple dropped support for them and focused on Intel-based products. As support for Rosetta was dropped in Mac OS X Lion, Snow Leopard is the last version of Mac OS X that is able to run PowerPC-only applications. Snow Leopard was succeeded by OS X Lion (version 10.7) on July 20, 2011. For several years, Apple continued to sell Snow Leopard at its online store for the benefit of users that required Snow Leopard in order to upgrade to later versions of OS X. Snow Leopard was the last version of Mac OS X to be distributed primarily through optical disc, as all further releases were mainly distributed through the Mac App Store introduced in the Snow Leopard 10.6.6 update, or Apple Software Update. Snow Leopard was the final version of macOS to not be available on the Mac App Store at launch, until the release of macOS Tahoe on September 15, 2025, which distributed the update exclusively through the software updates in System Settings. Snow Leopard is the last version of Mac OS X that supports the 32-bit Intel Core Solo and Intel Core Duo CPUs. In part because of this, but mainly because of its ability to run PowerPC-based applications via Rosetta, Snow Leopard still remained somewhat popular alongside OS X Lion, despite its lack of continued support. Snow Leopard is also the last release of Mac OS X to ship with a welcome video at first boot after installation. Reception of Snow Leopard was positive; see the section below.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →The Greenwood District.
