Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
In 1968 Shirley Chisholm became the first Black woman elected to the United States Congress. In 1972 she launched a campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, breaking another political barrier.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
In computer main memory, auxiliary storage and computer buses, data redundancy is the existence of data that is additional to the actual data and permits correction of errors in stored or transmitted data. The additional data can simply be a complete copy of the actual data (a type of repetition code), or only select pieces of data that allow detection of errors and reconstruction of lost or damaged data up to a certain level.
For example, by including computed check bits, ECC memory is capable of detecting and correcting single-bit errors within each memory word, while RAID 1 combines two hard disk drives (HDDs) into a logical storage unit that allows stored data to survive a complete failure of one drive.[1][2] Data redundancy can also be used as a measure against silent data corruption; for example, file systems such as Btrfs and ZFS use data and metadata checksumming in combination with copies of stored data to detect silent data corruption and repair its effects.[3]
While different in nature, data redundancy also occurs in database systems that have values repeated unnecessarily in one or more records or fields, within a table, or where the field is replicated/repeated in two or more tables. Often this is found in unnormalized database designs and results in the complication of database management, introducing the risk of corrupting the data, and increasing the required amount of storage. When done on purpose from a previously normalized database schema, it may be considered a form of database denormalization; used to improve performance of database queries (shorten the database response time).
For instance, when customer data are duplicated and attached with each product bought, then redundancy of data is a known source of inconsistency since a given customer might appear with different values for one or more of their attributes.[4] Data redundancy leads to data anomalies and corruption and generally should be avoided by design;[5] applying database normalization prevents redundancy and makes the best possible usage of storage.[6]
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
In computer main memory, auxiliary storage and computer buses, data redundancy is the existence of data that is additional to the actual data and permits correction of errors in stored or transmitted data. The additional data can simply be a complete copy of the actual data (a type of repetition code), or only select pieces of data that allow detection of errors and reconstruction of lost or damaged data up to a certain level. For example, by including computed check bits, ECC memory is capable of detecting and correcting single-bit errors within each memory word, while RAID 1 combines two hard disk drives (HDDs) into a logical storage unit that allows stored data to survive a complete failure of one drive. Data redundancy can also be used as a measure against silent data corruption; for example, file systems such as Btrfs and ZFS use data and metadata checksumming in combination with copies of stored data to detect silent data corruption and repair its effects.
ISO/IEC 17826 Information technology — Cloud Data Management Interface (CDMI) Version 2.0.0 is an international standard that specifies a protocol for self-provisioning, administering and managing access to data stored in cloud storage, object storage, storage area network and network attached storage systems. The CDMI standard is developed and maintained by the Storage Networking Industry Association, who makes a publicly accessible version of the specification available. CDMI defines new resource representations to enable standardized management of any URI-accessible data, and defines RESTful HTTP operations using these representations to discover the capabilities of the storage system, discover stored data, access and update management metadata, specify data storage protocols (such as iSCSI and NFS) through which the stored data is accessed, and provide cross-system and cross-cloud import and export in order to enable data portability. Management functions enabled by CDMI include managing data ownership, identity mapping, access controls, user-specified metadata, and to declaratively specify desired data protection, data retention, constraints on geographic placement, desired quality of service, data versioning and security requirements. CDMI also defines utility services to facilitate data management, such the ability to query data matching specific criteria, and includes extensions to perform bulk updates using CDMI Jobs.
Content-addressable memory (CAM) is a special type of computer memory used in certain very-high-speed searching applications. It is also known as associative memory or associative storage and compares input search data against a table of stored data, and returns the address of matching data. CAM is frequently used in networking devices where it speeds up forwarding information base and routing table operations. This kind of associative memory is also used in cache memory. In associative cache memory, address and content are stored side by side. When the address matches, the corresponding content is fetched from cache memory.
In digital electronics, a register is a group of memory cells that stores a collection of bits and continuously outputs the stored data. It typically consists of a synchronized group of flip-flops in which each flip-flop stores and outputs one bit of the collection. The number of bits a register can store, known as its word size, is equal to the number of flip-flops it contains. It is volatile memory, meaning that the circuit will cease to retain its stored data upon loss of operating power. Registers are characterized in various ways, including by bit storage capacity (e.g., 32-bit register), signal polarities, logic level and power supply voltages, and timing parameters. Registers are a fundamental building block of digital systems. They are used in a diverse range of applications, including in central processing units (CPUs) for a variety of purposes; in digital counters and other state machines; in serial and parallel communication; and in device interfaces for functions such as control and configuration, status reporting, and data buffering.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Joe Louis.