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Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
Swahilization or Swahilisation refers to one of two practices:
Swahili was the language spoken throughout the coastal tribes of Eastern Tanzania before the arrival of the European settlers. During the 1800s, the slave trades led by Arab merchants led Swahili to become a 50% derivative from Arabic.[1]
In the 1960s, the new republic of Tanzania replaced all English education content in elementary schools by Swahili content in a move to erase the colonial past of the country. The middle schools and up were supposed to do the same by the year 2000. Julius Nyerere, who initiated this policy, translated himself Shakespeare's Julius Caesar and The Merchant of Venice in Swahili. This trend was also picked up in the USA, favored by the rise of the Black Power movement.[1]
By the 1990s, the Swahilization of the Tanzanian education system did not really happen, English remaining a dominant academic language, and many reforms were abandoned. In the country's justice courts, trials were led in Swahili but the archives were maintained in English. The mix of Swahili and English in the country's spoken languages was called Kiswengli (Kiswahili-English). On a scholarly level, many scientific words do not exist in the Swahili language. By the 1990s, 8,000 new Swahili technical words were introduced, but ill-spread throughout the academic system. The Swahilization of the country may have isolated it from the international marketplace during the 1970s and 1980s.[1]
By the early 2000s, Kiswahili started to be used intra-group in Kenya, a sign that the country's Swahili-based lingua franca was starting to emerge as a dominant language.[2] 2010 studies have shown that, in Tanzania, Swahili became predominant in the regions that traditionally spoke Matengo.[3]
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Swahilization or Swahilisation refers to one of two practices: the cultural assimilation of local peoples in Southeast Africa into the Swahili people and their culture. the post-independence promotion of the Swahili language by the governments of Southeast African former colonies as a national and official language, alongside a greater cultural assimilation policy of Africanization (see Julius Nyerere and Ujamaa). Swahili was the language spoken throughout the coastal tribes of Eastern Tanzania before the arrival of the European settlers. During the 1800s, the slave trades led by Arab merchants led Swahili to become a 50% derivative from Arabic. In the 1960s, the new republic of Tanzania replaced all English education content in elementary schools by Swahili content in a move to erase the colonial past of the country. The middle schools and up were supposed to do the same by the year 2000. Julius Nyerere, who initiated this policy, translated himself Shakespeare's Julius Caesar and The Merchant of Venice in Swahili. This trend was also picked up in the USA, favored by the rise of the Black Power movement. By the 1990s, the Swahilization of the Tanzanian education system did not really happen, English remaining a dominant academic language, and many reforms were abandoned. In the country's justice courts, trials were led in Swahili but the archives were maintained in English. The mix of Swahili and English in the country's spoken languages was called Kiswengli (Kiswahili-English). On a scholarly level, many scientific words do not exist in the Swahili language. By the 1990s, 8,000 new Swahili technical words were introduced, but ill-spread throughout the academic system. The Swahilization of the country may have isolated it from the international marketplace during the 1970s and 1980s. By the early 2000s, Kiswahili started to be used intra-group in Kenya, a sign that the country's Swahili-based lingua franca was starting to emerge as a dominant language. 2010 studies have shown that, in Tanzania, Swahili became predominant in the regions that traditionally spoke Matengo.
Ngarenaro (Kata ya Ngarenaro in Swahili) is an administrative ward located in the Arusha City Council of Arusha Region in Tanzania. The ward gets its name from the Ngarenaro River, which runs on the eastern border with Levolosi ward. the word Ngarenaro is a Swahilization of the Masai word Engarenarok, meaning "Black River". Ngarenaro is one of 19 urban administrative wards in the municipality as of 2012. The ward is bordered by Elerai ward to the west, Levolosi ward to the east and, Unga Limited ward to the south. The ward covers an area of 0.9928 km2 (0.3833 sq mi). According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 12,382.
Kariakoo (Kata ya Kariakoo, in Swahili) is an administrative ward of the Ilala Municipal Council of the Dar es Salaam Region in Tanzania. Jangwani ward and Mchafukoge ward form the ward's northern and eastern boundaries. The Gerezani and Mchikichini wards border the ward to the south and west respectively. The ward is the home of Simba Sports Club. The name is derived from the swahilization of the British colonial occupation's "Carrier Corps", that used to be based in the area. Today, Kariakoo is mainly known for its large market that spans several city blocks. According to the 2022 census, the ward has a population of 10,246.
Swahili, also known as Kiswahili, is a Bantu language of the Atlantic–Congo language family, originally spoken by the Swahili people, who are found primarily in Tanzania, Kenya, and Mozambique (along the East African coast and adjacent littoral islands). Estimates of the number of Swahili speakers, including both native and second-language speakers, generally range from 40 million to 200 million. Most native speakers reside in Tanzania and Kenya. About 40% of Swahili vocabulary consists of Arabic loanwords, including the name of the language itself (سَوَاحِلي sawāḥilī, a plural adjectival form of an Arabic word meaning 'of the coasts'). Swahili also has a significant number of loanwords from Portuguese, English and German. The Arabic loanwords date from the era of contact between Arab slave traders and the Bantu inhabitants of the east coast of Africa, which was also the time period when Swahili emerged as a lingua franca in the region. Due to concerted efforts by the governments of Tanzania and Kenya, Swahili is one of three official languages (alongside English and French) of the East African Community (EAC) countries, which are Kenya, Tanzania, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, and Uganda. It is the lingua franca of other areas in the African Great Lakes region and East and Southern Africa. Swahili is also one of the working languages of the African Union and of the Southern African Development Community. The East African Community created an institution called the East African Kiswahili Commission (EAKC) which began operations in 2015. The institution currently serves as the leading body for promoting the language in the East African region, as well as for coordinating its development and usage for regional integration and sustainable development. In recent years Somalia, South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Ethiopia, and South Sudan have begun offering Swahili as a subject in schools or have developed plans to do so. Shikomor (or Comorian), an official language in Comoros that is also spoken in Mayotte (Shimaore), is closely related to Swahili and is sometimes considered a dialect, although other authorities consider it a distinct language. In 2022, based on Swahili's growth as a prominent international language, the United Nations declared Swahili Language Day as 7 July to commemorate the date that Julius Nyerere adopted Swahili as a unifying language for Tanganyikan independence struggles.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Mae Jemison, aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992.