Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
q2K BHP
Black History Portal
THE BHP WIRE —
HIDDEN TRUTHS
What's New!
Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
In 1968 Shirley Chisholm became the first Black woman elected to the United States Congress. In 1972 she launched a campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, breaking another political barrier.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
 TIROS-2 before launch | |
| Mission type | Weather satellite |
|---|---|
| Operator | NASA[1] |
| Harvard designation | 1960 Pi 1 |
| COSPAR ID | 1960-016A |
| SATCAT no. | 63 |
| Mission duration | 376 days |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft type | TIROS |
| Manufacturer | RCA Astro GSFC |
| Launch mass | 127 kilograms (280 lb)[2] |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | November 23, 1960, 11:13:03 UTC[3] |
| Rocket | Thor DM-19 Delta |
| Launch site | Cape Canaveral LC-17A |
| End of mission | |
| Last contact | December 4, 1961 |
| Decay date | May 2014 |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric |
| Regime | Low Earth |
| Semi-major axis | 6,755.43 kilometers (4,197.63 mi) |
| Eccentricity | 0.0014596 |
| Perigee altitude | 374 kilometers (232 mi) |
| Apogee altitude | 394 kilometers (245 mi) |
| Inclination | 48.51 degrees |
| Period | 92.09 minutes |
| Epoch | December 8, 2013, 11:58:18 UTC[4] |
| Instruments | |
| Widefield Radiometer Scanning Radiometer Television Camera System | |
TIROS-2 (or TIROS-B) was a spin-stabilized meteorological satellite. It was the second in a series of Television Infrared Observation Satellites. It re-entered in May 2014.[5]
TIROS-2 was an 18-sided right prism, 107 cm in diameter and 56 cm high,[2] with 9,260[1] 1 by 2 cm silicon solar cells covered the top and sides. Five small directly opposed pairs of solid-fuel thrusters maintained a spin of 8 to 12 rpm.[2] For attitude control, the spacecraft used an infrared horizon sensor[1] and a magnetic attitude control device, made of 250 cores of wire wound around the outer surface, which oriented the spin axis to a 1 to 2 degree accuracy.[2] It also had a direction indicator for picture orientation.[1]
The satellite had two independent television camera subsystems, one low-resolution and one high-resolution, for taking pictures of cloud cover. Each camera had a magnetic tape recorder for storing photographs while out of range of the ground station network.[1] It also had a five-channel medium-resolution scanning radiometer and a two channel non-scanning low resolution radiometer for measuring radiation from the earth and atmosphere.[2]
TIROS-2 was developed by a 44-year-old scientist named Dr. Morris Tepper,[6] Chief Meteorological Satellite Program, NASA,[7] and was affiliated with NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.[8] He also was born in Palestine in 1916.[9] Morris Tepper would later come to The United States of America in 1922 and became a citizen in 1926. He would earn a professional membership which included The American Meteorological Society, The American Rocket Society, and eventually The Washington Academy of Science.[10]
Morris Tepper was in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.[11] He would later become responsible for launching the satellite. During development, Dr. Tepper proposed the longer-term NASA Meteorological Satellite Program which included later TIROS satellites. This eventually included The Nimbus Program and the anticipated Aeros series. Due to this proposal by Dr. Tepper, NASA started to establish a program to support the work.[7]
Morris Tepper worked alongside Mr. R. M. Rados who was a general contact and Dr. R. A. Stampfl, who was a project manager affiliated with NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center as well.[8] Morris later retired from NASA and was formerly in Dep Dir, Earth Obs. Programs.[12]
In 1959, NASA was temporarily housing its weather satellite group at the NRL known as TIROS. Marjorie Townsend was a part of the development for the ground equipment which was responsible for the infrared experiment.[13]
At NASA, Marjorie Townsend's presence was often challenged due to one engineer calling her "stupid." But, she fought back and kept working out of desperation.[13] Townsend later retired from NASA in 1980.
TIROS-2 was launched on November 23, 1960, at 11:13:03 UTC, by a Thor-Delta rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida. This was followed by the launch on November 11 which The Weather Bureau and NASA invited scientists from 21 nations to participate in the analysis of weather data gathered by TIROS II. With, the cooperation of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, The Weather Bureau meteorologists issue first advisories on air pollution potential over the eastern United States.[14]
The spacecraft functioned nominally until January 22, 1961.[13] The satellite orbited the Earth once every 98 minutes, at an inclination of 48.5°. Its perigee was 609 kilometers (329 nmi) and apogee was 742 kilometers (401 nmi).
TIROS 2 added two infrared radiometers to TIROS 1 instruments, which allowed more analysis of frontal zones.[15]
{{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
{{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)
{{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
{{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
TIROS satellites | ||
|---|---|---|
| TIROS |  | |
| TOS | ||
| ITOS | ||
| TIROS-N | ||
| Adv. TIROS-N | ||
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
TIROS-2 (or TIROS-B) was a spin-stabilized meteorological satellite. It was the second in a series of Television Infrared Observation Satellites. It re-entered in May 2014.
The Deal Test Site (now Joe Palaia Park) is located in Ocean Township, New Jersey. The Joe Palaia Park was originally started as the Foxburst Farm, a 63-acre (250,000 m2) tract which is now the southern portion of the park. It was purchased by Western Electric, (part of AT&T and later Lucent), in 1919. The site was later expanded with an additional 145 acres (0.59 km2) purchased by AT&T in 1927. The site is bounded by three major township roads, Deal Road, Whalepond Road, and Dow Avenue. Several homes on Whalepond Road, north of Freehold Street, and Dow Avenue, from the corner of Whalepond Road to the Ocean Township School, abut the property. After World War I, AT&T used the site to conduct ship-to-shore wireless experiments off the Jersey Shore. Five large radio towers were eventually erected and used to broadcast speech and music for a range of 1,000 miles (1,600 km). In 1921, a two-story white building was built, which was used as a laboratory and dormitories for engineers. Research continued through the 1930s in conjunction with Bell Telephone Laboratories (the successor to Western Electric's research division), to use shorter wavelengths for radio transmission, this eventually led to the development of the microwave radio relay systems used to carry long-distance telephone traffic in the latter half of the 20th century. The development of fiber-optic communications (also by Bell Labs) ended the widespread use of microwave repeaters. Facilities at the test site were used in the 1950s and 1960s to monitor missiles and satellites launched from Cape Kennedy. It was instrumental in the development of TIROS-1 and TIROS-2 weather satellites. In 1953, the test site was sold by AT&T, and the new owners leased the property to the U.S. Army Signal Corps for tracking satellites. A 28-foot (8.5 m) dish antenna on a 40-foot (12 m) tower (near the Bicentennial Oak Tree) was used to pick up signals from Russian satellites Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2. The large circular concrete base of this antenna is still visible today. In the 1960s, the Army transmitted the first photograph via facsimile (fax) to Puerto Rico from the site using the Courier satellite. In 1823/1824, long before the land became a test site, a Late Pleistocene/early Holocene mastodon was excavated from a peat bog on the south side of Poplar Brook. Fossil vertebrate remains were also found from the Tertiary marls along the brook.
TIROS-N satellite is the first of the TIROS-N series. It is a weather satellite launched on 13 October 1978. It was designed to become operational during 2 years. Its mass is 734 kilograms. Its perigee to Earth is 829 kilometers. Its apogee is 845 kilometers away from Earth. Its inclination is 98.70°. It was managed by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); designed and launched by NASA. The spacecraft was 3-axis stabilized. TIROS-N was operated for 868 days until deactivated by NOAA on 27 February 1981.
TIROS-1 (or TIROS-A) was the first operational weather satellite, the first of a series of Television Infrared Observation Satellites (TIROS) placed in low Earth orbit.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →The Greenwood District.