Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| type | |
|---|---|
 The BW-DOS TYPE command | |
| Developers | Various open-source and commercial developers |
| Operating system | RT-11, OS/8, RSX-11, TOPS-10, TOPS-20, VMS, CP/M, MP/M, CDOS, TRIPOS, HDOS, AmigaDOS, DOS, MSX-DOS, FlexOS, PC-MOS, SpartaDOS X, 4690 OS, OS/2, Windows, AROS, ReactOS, SymbOS |
| Platform | Cross-platform |
| Type | Command |
| License | PC-MOS: GPLv3 AROS: AROS Public ReactOS: GPLv2 |
In computing, type is a command in various command-line interpreters (shells) such as COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe, 4DOS/4NT and Windows PowerShell used to display the contents of specified files on the computer terminal. The analogous Unix command is cat.
The command is available in the operating systems DEC RT-11,[1] OS/8,[2] RSX-11,[3] TOPS-10,[4] TOPS-20,[5] VMS, Digital Research CP/M,[6] MP/M,[7][8] MetaComCo TRIPOS,[9] Heath Company HDOS,[10] AmigaDOS,[11] DOS, FlexOS,[12] TSL PC-MOS,[13] SpartaDOS X,[14] IBM/Toshiba 4690 OS,[15] IBM OS/2, Microsoft Windows,[16] ReactOS,[17] AROS,[18] and SymbOS.[19]
The type command is supported by Tim Paterson's SCP 86-DOS.[20] On MS-DOS, the command is available in versions 1 and later.[21] DR DOS 6.0 also includes an implementation of the TYPE command.[22]
It is also available in the open source MS-DOS emulator DOSBox and the EFI shell.[23]
In Windows PowerShell, type is a predefined command alias for the Get-Content Cmdlet which basically serves the same purpose. TYPE originated as an internal command in 86-DOS.
The command-syntax and feature set between operating systems and command shell implementations can differ as can be seen in the following examples.
In Digital Equipment Corporation's RT-11, the command accepts up to six input file specifications. Multiple file specifications are separated with commas.
The default filetype is .LST. Wildcards are accepted in place of filenames or filetypes.
The command-syntax on RT-11 is:
TYPE[/options] filespecs
COPIES:n – Specify the number of times the file will be typedDELETE – Delete the file after typing itLOG – Log the names of the files typedNEWFILES – Only files dated with the current system date will be typedNOLOG – Suppress the log of the files typedQUERY – Require confirmation before typing each fileWAIT – Wait for user response before proceeding with the typeTYPE/COPIES:3 REPORT
TYPE/NEWFILES *.LST
In Digital Research CP/M, the command expands tabs and line-feed characters (CTRL-I), assuming tab positions are set at every eighth column.
The command does not support wildcard characters on FlexOS.[12]
The command-syntax on CP/M is:
TYPE ufn
Note: ufn = unambiguous file reference
In MP/M, the command has a pause mode. It is specified by entering a 'P' followed by two decimal digits after the filename. The specified number of lines will be displayed and then the command will pause until a carriage return is entered.[7]
A>TYPE FILE.PLM
A>TYPE B:X.PRN
0A>TYPE CODE.ASM P23
The Software Link's PC-MOS includes an implementation of TYPE. Like the rest of the operating system, it is licensed under the GPL v3.[24]
It supports an option to display the file content in hexadecimal form.[13]
The command-syntax on PC-MOS is:
.TYPE filename [/h]
filename – The name of the file to display/h – Display content in hexadecimal form[A:\].TYPE FILE.BIN /h
type commandThe command supports wildcard characters. In Microsoft Windows and OS/2 it includes the filename in the output when typing multiple files.
The command-syntax on Microsoft Windows and ReactOS is:
type [Drive:][Path]FileName
[Drive:][Path]FileName – This parameter specifies the location and name of the file or files to view. Multiple file names need to be separated with spaces./? – This parameter displays help for the command.C:\>type "my report.txt"
C:\>type *.txt
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
In computing, type is a command in various command-line interpreters (shells) such as COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe, 4DOS/4NT and Windows PowerShell used to display the contents of specified files on the computer terminal. The analogous Unix command is cat.
A command-line interface (CLI), also known as a command-line shell, is a means of interacting with software via commands – each formatted as a line of text. The concept of interacting with a computer via text evolved over two decades, transitioning from physical hardware to sophisticated software. Before the CLI, computers were programmed using physical switches or punched cards. The shift toward a "command" style interaction began with the use of teleprinters/teletypes. Early systems like the Whirlwind I (1951) at MIT began utilizing typewriter-like inputs for direct control, moving away from batch processing where you'd hand a stack of cards to an operator and wait hours for a result. Devices like the Teletype Model 33, introduced in 1963, allowed operators to type a command and receive a printed response from the computer. The command-line interpreter emerged when computers became powerful enough to handle multiple users at once, known as time-sharing. The Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS), developed in 1961 at MIT, introduced the first true command-line interpreter. For the first time, a user could type a command like LOGIN or PRINT, and a dedicated program (the supervisor) would parse that text and execute the corresponding function. In 1964, Louis Pouzin introduced the software we now recognize as a "shell" for the Multics operating system, providing a programmable environment for executing scripts. Many utilities for operating system management and software development provide CLIs. Many CLIs enable software automation, since commands can be stored in a script file that can be used repeatedly. A script allows its contained commands to be executed as a group (as a single program). Alternatives to a CLI include a GUI (including the desktop metaphor such as Windows), text-based menuing (including DOS Shell and IBM AIX SMIT), and keyboard shortcuts.
A batch file is a script file in DOS, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows. It consists of a series of commands to be executed by the command-line interpreter, stored in a plain text file. A batch file may contain any command the interpreter accepts interactively and use constructs that enable conditional branching and looping within the batch file, such as IF, FOR, and GOTO labels. The term "batch" is from batch processing, meaning "non-interactive execution", though a batch file might not process a batch of multiple data. Similar to Job Control Language (JCL), DCL and other systems on mainframe and minicomputer systems, batch files were added to ease the work required for certain regular tasks by allowing the user to set up a script to automate them. When a batch file is run, the shell program (usually COMMAND.COM or cmd.exe) reads the file and executes its commands, normally line-by-line. Unix-like operating systems, such as Linux, have a similar, but more flexible, type of file called a shell script. The filename extension .bat is used in DOS and Windows. Windows NT and OS/2 also added .cmd. Batch files for other environments may have different extensions, e.g., .btm in 4DOS, 4OS2 and 4NT related shells. The detailed handling of batch files has changed significantly between versions. Some of the detail in this article applies to all batch files, while other details apply only to certain versions.
COMMAND.COM is the default command-line interpreter for MS-DOS, Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows Me. In the case of DOS, it is the default user interface as well. It has an additional role as the usual first program run after boot (init process). As a shell, COMMAND.COM has two distinct modes of operation: interactive mode and batch mode. Internal commands are commands stored directly inside the COMMAND.COM binary; thus, they are always available, but can only be executed directly from the command interpreter.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Mae Jemison, aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992.
