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Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
Tagbanwa is one of the scripts indigenous to the Philippines, used by the Tagbanwa and the Palawan people as their ethnic writing system.[1]
| Tagbanwa script ᝦᝪᝯ | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Script type | |
Period | c. 1300–present |
| Direction | Left-to-right  |
| Region | Palawan Island |
| Languages | Palawanic languages |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Sister systems |
|
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Tagb (373), Tagbanwa |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Tagbanwa |
| U+1760–U+177F | |
| Brahmic scripts |
|---|
| The Brahmi script and its descendants |
The Tagbanwa languages (Aborlan, Calamian and Central), which are Austronesian languages with about 8,000-25,000[2] total speakers in the central and northern regions of Palawan, are dying out as the younger generations of Tagbanwa are learning and using non-traditional languages such as Cuyonon and Tagalog, thus becoming less knowledgeable of their own indigenous cultural heritage. There are proposals to revive the script by teaching it in public and private schools with Tagbanwa populations.[3]
The Tagbanwa script was used in the Philippines until the 17th century. Closely related to Baybayin, it is believed to have come from the Kawi script of Java, Bali and Sumatra, which in turn, descended from the Pallava script, one of the southern Indian scripts derived from Brahmi.[4]
Tagbanwa is an alphasyllabary or abugida in which each letter represents a syllable consisting of a consonant and an inherent vowel /a/, a feature that it shares with many related scripts from SE Asia as they derive from variants of the Brahmic scripts of India. Similar to these scripts, vowels other than /a/ are indicated by the addition of a diacritic above (for /i/) or below (for /u/) the letter.[5] Lone vowels are represented by their own, independent letters, thus /a/, /i/ and /u/ since there are only three. Syllables ending in a consonant are written without the final consonant.[6] Tagbanwa is distinguished from Baybayin by the shapes of several letters, most notably ‹ka› and ‹wa› that are markedly different from other varieties.[1]
Tagbanwa is traditionally written on bamboo in vertical columns from bottom to top and left to right. However, it is read from left to right in horizontal lines.[4]
| vowels | consonants | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ᝠ a
|
ᝣ ka
|
ᝤ ga
|
ᝥ nga
|
ᝦ ta
|
ᝧ da
|
ᝨ na
|
ᝩ pa
|
ᝪ ba
|
ᝫ ma
|
ᝬ ya
|
ᝮ la
|
ᝯ wa
|
ᝰ sa
| |||||
ᝡ i
|
ᝲ i
|
ᝣ + ᝲ ᝣᝲ ki
|
ᝤ+ ᝲ ᝤᝲ gi
|
ᝥ + ᝲ ᝥᝲ ngi
|
ᝦ + ᝲ ᝦᝲ ti
|
ᝧ + ᝲ ᝧᝲ di
|
ᝨ + ᝲ ᝨᝲ ni
|
ᝩ + ᝲ ᝩᝲ pi
|
ᝪ + ᝲ ᝪᝲ bi
|
ᝫ + ᝲ ᝫᝲ mi
|
ᝬ + ᝲ ᝬᝲ yi
|
ᝮ + ᝲ ᝮᝲ li
|
ᝯ + ᝲ ᝯᝲ wi
|
ᝰ + ᝲ ᝰᝲ si
| ||||
ᝢ u
|
ᝳ u
|
ᝣ + ᝳ ᝣᝳ ku
|
ᝤ + ᝳ ᝤᝳ gu
|
ᝥ + ᝳ ᝥᝳ ngu
|
ᝦ + ᝳ ᝦᝳ tu
|
ᝧ + ᝳ ᝧᝳ du
|
ᝨ + ᝳ ᝨᝳ nu
|
ᝩ + ᝳ ᝩᝳ pu
|
ᝪ + ᝳ ᝪᝳ bu
|
ᝫ + ᝳ ᝫᝳ mu
|
ᝬ + ᝳ ᝬᝳ yu
|
ᝮ + ᝳ ᝮᝳ lu
|
ᝯ + ᝳ ᝯᝳ wu
|
ᝰ + ᝳ ᝰᝳ su
| ||||
Tagbanwa writing makes use of single (᜵) and double (᜶) punctuation marks.[6]
In the 20th century, this script was adopted from the Tagbanwa by the Palaw'an further south in the island.[1] They call this alphabet Ibalnan and the vowel mark an ulit.[7]
Tagbanwa script was added to the Unicode Standard in March, 2002 with the release of version 3.2.
The Unicode block for Tagbanwa is U+1760–U+177F:
| Tagbanwa[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+176x | ᝠ | ᝡ | ᝢ | ᝣ | ᝤ | ᝥ | ᝦ | ᝧ | ᝨ | ᝩ | ᝪ | ᝫ | ᝬ | ᝮ | ᝯ | |
| U+177x | ᝰ | ᝲ | ᝳ | |||||||||||||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
 | This abugida-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by adding missing information. |
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Tagbanwa is one of the scripts indigenous to the Philippines, used by the Tagbanwa and the Palawan people as their ethnic writing system. The Tagbanwa languages (Aborlan, Calamian and Central), which are Austronesian languages with about 8,000-25,000 total speakers in the central and northern regions of Palawan, are dying out as the younger generations of Tagbanwa are learning and using non-traditional languages such as Cuyonon and Tagalog, thus becoming less knowledgeable of their own indigenous cultural heritage. There are proposals to revive the script by teaching it in public and private schools with Tagbanwa populations.
Baybayin (ᜊᜌ᜔ᜊᜌᜒᜈ᜔, Tagalog pronunciation: [baɪˈbajɪn]), also sometimes erroneously referred to as alibata, is a Philippine script that was widely used in Luzon during and prior to the 16th and 17th centuries. It was utilized primarily to write Tagalog, and to a lesser extent, Visayan languages, Kapampangan, Ilocano, and several other Philippine languages. Baybayin is an abugida belonging to the family of the Brahmic scripts. Its use was gradually replaced by the Latin alphabet during Spanish rule, though it has seen limited modern usage in the Philippines. The script is encoded in Unicode as Tagalog block since 2002 alongside Buhid, Hanunoo, and Tagbanwa scripts. The Archives of the University of Santo Tomas in Manila holds the largest collection of extant writings using Baybayin. Baybayin has seen a rise in modern usage, primarily for cultural and artistic purposes, including in visual arts, literature, tattoos, and logos. It is also featured on the logos of government agencies, Philippine banknotes, and passports. Additionally, there are educational initiatives and workshops aimed at teaching Baybayin to a new generation. Social media has also been instrumental in the increased awareness and interest in Baybayin. Artists, educators, and enthusiasts use these platforms to share tutorials, artworks, and historical facts about the script, sparking interest among younger generations. Bills to recognize the script and revive its use alongside the Latin alphabet have been repeatedly considered by the Congress.
The Gujarati script (ગુજરાતી લિપિ Gujarātī lipi) is an abugida for the Gujarati language, Kutchi language, and various other languages. It is one of the official scripts of the Indian Republic. It is a variant of the Devanagari script differentiated by the loss of the Shirorekhā, the characteristic horizontal line running above the letters and by a number of modifications to some characters. Gujarati numerical digits are also different from their Devanagari counterparts.
The Tibetan script is a segmental writing system, or abugida, forming a part of the Brahmic scripts, and used to write certain Tibetic languages, including Tibetan, Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Ladakhi, Jirel and Balti. Its exact origins are a subject of research but it is traditionally considered to have been developed by Thonmi Sambhota for King Songtsen Gampo. The Tibetan script has also been used for some non-Tibetic languages in close cultural contact with Tibet, such as Thakali and Nepali. The printed form is called uchen script while the hand-written form used in everyday writing is called umê script. This writing system is especially used across the Himalayan Region.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.
