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Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
 | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (September 2017) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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| TARGET 3001! | |
|---|---|
 | |
 GUI with live 3D | |
| Developers | Ing.-Büro Friedrich, Eichenzell |
| Release | 1992 |
| Stable release | V33.2[1]
/ 2 January 2025 |
| Operating system | Windows, Linux (Wine) |
| Platform | Windows |
| Available in | English, French, German |
| Type | Electronic design automation |
| License | Proprietary, free versions available |
| Website | www |
TARGET 3001! is a CAD computer program[2] for EDA and PCB (printing circuit board) design,[3][4] developed by Ing.-Büro (en: engineering office) Friedrich in Germany.[5][6] This software application has been available since 1992[update] (for 32 years) and operates on Microsoft Windows. It supports the design of electronic schematics, PCBs, and device front panels. The software is available in English, German and French.
It is possible to use Target 3001! on Linux systems[7] with the assistance of Wine, a compatibility layer for running Windows applications on Unix-like operating systems. This setup has been tested with Ubuntu 11.04 (64-bit).
A notable feature of Target 3001! is its ability to support reverse engineering. Users can derive a circuit drawing from a photograph of an existing circuit board through the traced layout. A special branch of the program is the ASIC Designer, which allows design of integrated circuits.
The company offer a free version of the service for non-commercial use,[8][9] which is limited to 250 connection pins or pads on two copper layers.[5][10][6][11] The PCB manufacturer PCB-Pool and Conrad Electronic provide a free unlimited version, that generates only printed output or output for PCB-Pool and Conrad's PCB service. Commercial versions with all features are available.
A predecessor of TARGET 3001! was "RULE" (German: Rechner Unterstützter Leiterplatten Entwurf), an MS-DOS program developed for PCB layout (1989).[12] The software gained popularity among hobbyists, leading to requests for additional features such as a circuit diagram input function and autorouter, which is an automatic routing function. In response, TARGET 2.1 (for MS-DOS) was released in 1992.
The transition to Windows was initially challenging: early versions of "TARGET V3 for Windows" were prone to frequent crashes. However, as the stability and performance of the package improves, the software's user base expanded beyound hobbyists and educational users to include professionals.
The software package continued to develop with significant expansions starting from version V7. Developments in versions V7 to V16 included an EMC tool and PSPICE-compatible simulation. The name TARGET was evolved over time, becoming TARGET 2001!, before ultimately being changed to "TARGET 3001!" in anticipation of the new millennium. This name was registered as a trademark with the German Patent Office and used for versions V9 and higher.
TARGET 3001! is used also by industrial designers. For example, TOYOTA used it for cable harnesses in their Formula 1 racing car.
Today, TARGET 3001! is one of the most popular PCB layout systems in Germany and Europe. In 2004, readers of electronics magazine Elektor voted it number two.[13] Testers of the electronics magazine "c't Hardware Hacks" rated it number two in 2013.[14]
Over the years, TARGET 3001! has been enhanced with several features, combined under one user interface (MDI).[4] These include an EMC module, symbol and housing generators, and SPICE-compatible simulation.[12] Users can design front panels in conjunction with PCBs, and a 3D view feature offers a visual impression of the designed PCB.
All project information is stored in one file to avoid redundancy and version conflicts. Design begins with the creation of a schematic diagram and usually ends with the layout of a PCB (or chip).
The schematics can be simulated by the integrated PSPICE-compatible mixed mode simulator. Components are stored in a SQLite or MySQL database, also externally accessible. Component data include direct links to datasheets and component supplier information as well as simulation information and 3D models. TARGET's open Component Interchange Format CXF[15] is supported by universal component databases like Ultra Librarian[16] and Footprint Expert.[17]
PCBs or ASICs can be designed manually or using an autoplacer and autorouter. A Specctra interface to external autorouters is available. The design can be automatically checked for spacing violations and many other design rules. If the PCB is ready designed it can be directly displayed and rotated in a live 3D view. The 3D data can be exported in STEP format to produce preview 3D dummies of the PCB on 3D printers. Circuit design on 3D bodies (Molded Interconnect Device, MID) is possible.
CNC data for PCB milling can be obtained in several formats. Additionally a device front panel can directly be derived from the PCB, using the coordinates on the PCB, e.g. from LEDs or potentiometers.
A crucial component of any EDA software is its component libraries. The library system in Target 3001! has undergone several changes:
Moreover, components from the Library Loader portal by SamacSys Ltd. are available for use in Target 3001!.
Target 3001! includes a comprehensive set of functions for designing circuit diagrams and creating corresponding layouts for printed circuit boards (PCBs). During the layout process, the software ensures consistency between the circuit and the layout.
A component in the circuit diagram comprises several elements:
Links to component datasheets and suppliers can be stored within the component data. Both circuit symbols and component housings can be custom-designed, assigned to each other, or created and modified using the housing generator. Additionally, 3D models, including STEP-3D formats, can be created and imported for the housings.
The software supports (P)SPICE-compatible circuit diagram simulation, allowing users to simulate the functionality of the circuit in advance. The library contains electrical simulation models for numerous components to facilitate this process.
Layouts on three-dimensional surfaces, such as molded interconnect devices (MID), are also supported. For this purpose, STEP files can be imported into the software.
From version V20 onwards, Target 3001! introduced advanced manual layout capabilities, including the "push and shove" feature, which automatically clears space for additional traces by moving existing traces aside. Additionally, a "pilot router" feature attempts to autonomously lay traces between the start and finish points.[10]
The software includes several automated tools to aid in PCB design:
Like other EDA software, Target 3001! maintains relational consistency between the circuit design (circuit diagram) and PCB layout (back annotation). This ensures that only the connections intended in the circuit design are made in the layout.
Target 3001! can generate universally usable data for PCB production and assembly, including:
A distinguishing feature of Target 3001! compared to widely used software like Eagle EDA is that both the circuit diagram and PCB layout are stored within a single project file. This integration simplifies the design process and ensures coherence between the circuit and layout aspects of the project.
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
TARGET 3001! is a CAD computer program for EDA and PCB (printing circuit board) design, developed by Ing.-Büro (en: engineering office) Friedrich in Germany. This software application has been available since 1992 (for 32 years) and operates on Microsoft Windows. It supports the design of electronic schematics, PCBs, and device front panels. The software is available in English, German and French. It is possible to use Target 3001! on Linux systems with the assistance of Wine, a compatibility layer for running Windows applications on Unix-like operating systems. This setup has been tested with Ubuntu 11.04 (64-bit). A notable feature of Target 3001! is its ability to support reverse engineering. Users can derive a circuit drawing from a photograph of an existing circuit board through the traced layout. A special branch of the program is the ASIC Designer, which allows design of integrated circuits. The company offer a free version of the service for non-commercial use, which is limited to 250 connection pins or pads on two copper layers. The PCB manufacturer PCB-Pool and Conrad Electronic provide a free unlimited version, that generates only printed output or output for PCB-Pool and Conrad's PCB service. Commercial versions with all features are available.
SALOME is a multi-platform open source (LGPL-2.1-or-later) scientific computing environment, allowing the realization of industrial studies of physics simulations. This platform, developed by a partnership between EDF and CEA, sets up an environment for the various stages of a study to be carried out: from the creation of the CAD model and the mesh to the post-processing and visualization of the results, including the sequence of calculation schemes. Other functionalities such as uncertainty treatment, data assimilation are also implemented. SALOME does not contain a physics solver but it provides the computing environment necessary for their integration. The SALOME environment serves as a basis for the creation of disciplinary platforms, such as salome_meca (containing code_aster), SALOME_CFD (with code_saturne) and SALOME-HYDRO (with TELEMAC-MASCARET). In addition, the graphical user interface of the CATHARE thermal-hydraulic code, GUITHARE, is also based on the SALOME environment. It is also possible to create tools for specific applications (for example civil engineering, fast dynamics in pipes or rotating machines, available in salome_meca) whose specialized graphical interfaces facilitate the performance of a study. In addition to using SALOME through its graphical interface, most of the functionalities are available through a Python API. SALOME is available on its official website. A SALOME Users’ Day takes place every year, featuring presentations on studies performed with SALOME in several application domains, either at EDF, CEA or elsewhere. The presentations of previous editions are available on the official website.
The table below provides an overview of notable computer-aided design (CAD) software. It does not judge power, ease of use, or other user-experience aspects. The table does not include software that is still in development (beta software). For all-purpose 3D programs, see Comparison of 3D computer graphics software. CAD refers to a specific type of drawing and modelling software application that is used for creating designs and technical drawings. These can be 3D drawings or 2D drawings (like floor plans).
CAM (computer-aided manufacturing), also known as computer-aided modeling or computer-aided machining is the use of software to control machine tools in the manufacturing of work pieces. This is not the only definition for CAM, but it is the most common. It may also refer to the use of a computer to assist in all operations of a manufacturing plant, including planning, management, transportation and storage. Its primary purpose is to create a faster production process and components and tooling with more precise dimensions and material consistency, which in some cases, uses only the required amount of raw material (thus minimizing waste), while simultaneously reducing energy consumption. CAM is now a system used in schools and lower educational purposes. CAM is a subsequent computer-aided process after computer-aided design (CAD) and sometimes computer-aided engineering (CAE), as the model generated in CAD and verified in CAE can be input into CAM software, which then controls the machine tool. CAM is used in many schools alongside CAD to create objects.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.
