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Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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In 1968 Shirley Chisholm became the first Black woman elected to the United States Congress. In 1972 she launched a campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, breaking another political barrier.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
 | This article needs more citations. (August 2010) |
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 Command-line Unix "talk", using a split screen user interface, was popular in the 1980s and early 1990s. | |
| Operating system | Unix, Unix-like, V |
| Platform | Cross-platform |
talk is a Unix text chat program, originally allowing messaging only between the users logged on to one multi-user computer—but later extended to allow chat to users on other systems.
Although largely superseded by IRC and other modern systems, it is still included with most Unix-like systems today, including Linux,[1] BSD systems[2] including macOS.[3]
Similar facilities existed on earlier systems such as Multics, CTSS, PLATO, and NLS.[4] Early versions of talk[when?] did not separate text from each user. Thus, if each user were to type simultaneously, characters from each user were intermingled. Since slow teleprinter keyboards were used at the time (11 characters per second maximum[citation needed]), users often could not wait for each other to finish. It was common etiquette for a long typing user to stop when intermingling occurred to see the listener's interrupting response. This is much the same as interrupting a long monologue when speaking in person. More modern versions use curses to break the terminal into multiple zones for each user, thus avoiding intermingling text.
In 1983, a new version of talk was introduced as a Unix command with 4.2BSD, and would also accommodate electronic conversations between users on different machines. Follow-ons to talk included ntalk, Britt Yenne's ytalk[5] and Roger Espel Llima's utalk.[6] ytalk was the first of these to allow conversations between more than two users, and was written in part to allow communication between users on computers with different endianness. utalk uses a special protocol over UDP (instead of TCP used by the rest) that is more efficient and allows edition of the entire screen. All of these programs split the interface into different sections for each participant. The interfaces did not convey the order in which statements typed by different participants would be reassembled into a log of the conversation. Also, all three programs are real-time text, where they transmit each character as it was typed. This leads to a more immediate feel to the discussion than recent instant messaging clients or IRC. Users more familiar with other forms of instant text communication would sometimes find themselves in embarrassing situations by typing something and deciding to withdraw the statement, unaware that other participants of the conversation had seen every keystroke happen in real time.
A similar program exists on VMS systems called phone.[7]
A popular program called "flash", which sent malformed information via the talk protocol, was frequently used by pranksters to corrupt the terminal output of the unlucky target in the early 1990s.[citation needed] It did this by including terminal commands in the field normally designated for providing the name of the person making the request. When the victim would receive the talk request, the name of the person sending the request would be displayed on their screen. This would cause the terminal commands to execute, rendering the person's display unreadable until they reset it. Later versions of talk blocked flash attempts and alerted the user that one had taken place. Later it became clear that, by sending different terminal commands, it is even possible to have the user execute commands. As it has proven impossible to fix all programs that output untrusted data to the terminal, modern terminal emulators have been rewritten to block this attack, though some may still be vulnerable.[8][9]
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Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
talk is a Unix text chat program, originally allowing messaging only between the users logged on to one multi-user computer—but later extended to allow chat to users on other systems. Although largely superseded by IRC and other modern systems, it is still included with most Unix-like systems today, including Linux, BSD systems including macOS.
In computing, single program, multiple data (SPMD) is a term that has been used to refer to computational models for exploiting parallelism whereby multiple processors cooperate in the execution of a program in order to obtain results faster. The term SPMD was introduced in 1983 and was used to denote two different computational models: by Michel Auguin (University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis) and François Larbey (Thomson/Sintra), as a "fork-and-join" and data-parallel approach where the parallel tasks ("single program") are split-up and run simultaneously in lockstep on multiple SIMD processors with different inputs, and by Frederica Darema (IBM), where "all (processors) processes begin executing the same program... but through synchronization directives ... self-schedule themselves to execute different instructions and act on different data" and enabling MIMD parallelization of a given program, and is a more general approach than data-parallel and more efficient than the fork-and-join for parallel execution on general purpose multiprocessors. The (IBM) SPMD is the most common style of parallel programming and can be considered a subcategory of MIMD in that it refers to MIMD execution of a given ("single") program. It is also a prerequisite for research concepts such as active messages and distributed shared memory.
The Execution of a Pharaoh, also translated as The Assassination of the Pharaoh (Persian: اعدام فرعون), is a 2008 Iranian documentary film produced by the Foundation for Honoring the Martyrs of the International Islamic Revolution Movement of Iran. The film addresses the assassination of former Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, condemning Sadat's policies and supporting the assassination. The film was widely criticized by Egyptian media, newspapers, filmmakers, and artists. The movie is sixty-two minutes and is in Arabic with Persian subtitles. Following its release, allegations were made that the documentary had plagiarized content from a documentary produced and broadcast by Al Jazeera as part of a series of documentaries for a program called Political Crime. Al Jazeera opened an investigation into the film, calling it a "media crime, theft and distortion" of the program it produced.
A programming language is an engineered language for expressing computer programs, typically allowing software to be written in a human readable manner. Execution of a program requires an implementation. There are two main approaches for implementing a programming language – compilation, where programs are translated ahead-of-time to machine code, and interpretation, where programs are directly executed. In addition to these two extremes, some implementations use hybrid approaches such as just-in-time compilation and bytecode interpreters. The design of programming languages has been strongly influenced by computer architecture, with most imperative languages designed around the ubiquitous von Neumann architecture. While early programming languages were closely tied to the hardware, modern languages often hide hardware details via abstraction in an effort to enable better software with less effort. These languages are known as high-level languages.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Madam C.J. Walker
