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Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
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| AHFS/Drugs.com | International Drug Names |
| Routes of administration | Oral |
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| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.166.553 |
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| Formula | C20H20ClN3O3 |
| Molar mass | 385.85 g·mol−1 |
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Tepoxalin, formerly sold under the brand name Zubrin,[1] is a non-steroidal anti-flammatory drug (NSAID).
Tepoxalin was withdrawn from the American market by the manufacturer and is not marketed by any manufacturer as of 2024.
Tepoxalin was used as anti-inflammatory and analgesic in the dog prior to withdrawal.
Tepoxalin received FDA approval for use in the dog in 1998.[2]
Tepoxalin was taken off the market by the manufacturer in the US. However, it still has Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval.[1] As of 2024 it is no marketed by any manufacturer.[3]
The drug works as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It inhibits both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes suppressing biosynthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, respectively. In vitro results have shown it be more selective for cyclooxygenase-1. It is highly protein bound.[1]
The half-life of tepoxalin in the dog is 2 hours, with a 13 hour half-life for the acid metabolite.[1]
Tepoxalin was used to treat both acute and chronic pain and inflammation. Tepoxalin has been used for surgical pain but its primary use was for osteoarthritis. Tepoxalin has been shown to be more effective than meloxicam and carprofen for intraarticular inflammation and ocular inflammation but less effective for dermatitis and ineffective for respiratory disease.[1]
Adverse effects are similar to other NSAIDs and relate to the gastrointestinal system. Common adverse effects are emesis, diarrhoea, nausea, and gastric ulceration. Studies have not shown haemostatic or renal effects, although these are likely to occur at high enough doses. The LD50 is unknown but doses up to 30 times the recommended amount have been given to dogs without serious adverse effect and doses of 10mg/kg did not produce adverse effect in cats.[1]
Tepoxalin was never investigated in large animals.[1]
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| salicylates | |
| acetic acid derivatives and related substances | |
| oxicams | |
| propionic acid derivatives (profens) |
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| n-arylanthranilic acids (fenamates) | |
| COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs) | |
| other | |
| NSAID combinations | |
Key: underline indicates initially developed first-in-class compound of specific group; #WHO-Essential Medicines; †withdrawn drugs; ‡veterinary use. | |
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Tepoxalin, formerly sold under the brand name Zubrin, is a non-steroidal anti-flammatory drug (NSAID). Tepoxalin was withdrawn from the American market by the manufacturer and is not marketed by any manufacturer as of 2024. Tepoxalin was used as anti-inflammatory and analgesic in the dog prior to withdrawal.
Selenium is a chemical element; it has symbol Se and atomic number 34. It has various physical appearances, including a brick-red powder, a vitreous black solid, and a grey metallic-looking form. It seldom occurs in this elemental state or as pure ore compounds in Earth's crust. Selenium (from σελήνη 'moon') was discovered in 1817 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, who noted the similarity of the new element to the previously discovered tellurium (named for the Earth). Selenium is found in metal sulfide ores, where it substitutes for sulfur. Commercially, selenium is produced as a byproduct in the refining of these ores. Minerals that are pure selenide or selenate compounds are rare. The chief commercial uses for selenium today are glassmaking and pigments. Selenium is a semiconductor and is used in photocells. Applications in electronics, once important, have been mostly replaced with silicon semiconductor devices. Selenium is still used in a few types of DC power surge protectors and one type of fluorescent quantum dot. Although trace amounts of selenium are necessary for cellular function in many animals, including humans, both elemental selenium and (especially) selenium salts are toxic in even small doses, causing selenosis. Symptoms include (in decreasing order of frequency): diarrhea, fatigue, hair loss, joint pain, nail brittleness or discoloration, nausea, headache, tingling, vomiting, and fever. Selenium is listed as an ingredient in many multivitamins and other dietary supplements, as well as in infant formula, and is a component of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase (which indirectly reduce certain oxidized molecules in animals and some plants) as well as in three deiodinase enzymes. Selenium requirements in plants differ by species, with some plants requiring relatively large amounts and others apparently not requiring any.
Aspirin () is the genericized trademark for acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to reduce pain, fever, and inflammation, and as an antithrombotic. Aspirin is used to treat inflammatory conditions including Kawasaki disease, pericarditis, and rheumatic fever. Aspirin is also used long term to reduce the chance of heart attack, ischaemic stroke, and blood clots occurring in people considered to be at high risk for such events. For pain or fever, effects typically begin within 30 minutes. Aspirin works similarly to other NSAIDs but also suppresses the normal functioning of platelets. One common adverse effect is an upset stomach. More significant side effects include stomach ulcers, stomach bleeding, and worsening asthma. Bleeding risk is greater among those who are older, drink alcohol, take other NSAIDs, or are on other blood thinners. Aspirin is not recommended in the last part of pregnancy. It is not generally recommended in children with viral infections because of the risk of Reye syndrome. High doses may result in ringing in the ears. A precursor to aspirin found in the bark of the willow tree (genus Salix), salicin, is metabolized in the human gut into the medicinally active compound salicylic acid and has been used for its health effects for at least 2,400 years. Pharmacology sought a synthetic alternative. In 1853, the chemist Charles Frédéric Gerhardt treated the medicine sodium salicylate with acetyl chloride to produce acetylsalicylic acid for the first time. Over the next 50 years, other chemists, mostly of the German company Bayer, established the chemical structure and devised more efficient production methods. Felix Hoffmann (or perhaps Arthur Eichengrün) of Bayer was the first to produce acetylsalicylic acid in a pure, stable form in 1897. By 1899, Bayer had dubbed this drug Aspirin and was selling it globally. Aspirin is available without medical prescription as a proprietary or generic medication in most jurisdictions. It is one of the most widely used medications globally, with an estimated 40,000 tonnes (44,000 tons) (50 to 120 billion pills) consumed each year, and is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2023, it was the 46th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 14 million prescriptions.
Salicylic acid is an organic compound with the formula C7H6O3. A colorless (or white), bitter-tasting solid, it is a precursor to and a metabolite of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). It is a plant hormone, and the name is from Latin salix for willow tree, from which it was initially identified and derived. It is used as an ingredient in dermatologic cosmetics (e.g. anti-acne products). Salts and esters of salicylic acid are known as salicylates. In the USA, it has been listed by the EPA Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Chemical Substance Inventory as an experimental teratogen.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →The Greenwood District.
