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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
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In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
Gustav Theodor Fritsch (5 March 1838 – 12 June 1927) was a German anatomist, anthropologist, traveller and physiologist from Cottbus.
Fritsch studied natural science and medicine in Berlin, Breslau and Heidelberg. In 1874 he became an associate professor of physiology at the University of Berlin, where he was later appointed head of the histological department at the physiological institute.
He is known for his work with neuropsychiatrist Eduard Hitzig (1839–1907) involving the localization of the motor areas of the brain. In 1870, the two scientists probed the cerebral cortex of a dog to discover that electrical stimulation of different areas of the cerebrum caused involuntary muscular contractions of specific parts of the dog's body.
Along with his medical studies, Fritsch was also known for his ethnographical research in southern Africa (1863–66), during which time he traveled from Cape Town through the Orange Free State, Basutoland, Natal and Bechuanaland.
In 1868 he took part in an expedition to Aden to observe a solar eclipse (18 August), afterwards traveling to Egypt, where he accompanied Johannes Dümichen (1833-1894) on an archaeological and photographic expedition. In 1874, he journeyed to Isfahan to observe the transit of Venus. He also performed zoological research in Anatolia, and in 1881/82 studied electric fish in regions of the eastern Mediterranean.[1]
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Theodor Fritsch (born Emil Theodor Fritsche; 28 October 1852 – 8 September 1933) was a German publisher and journalist. His antisemitic writings did much to influence popular German opinion against Jews in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His writings also appeared under the pen names Thomas Frey, Fritz Thor, and Ferdinand Roderich-Stoltheim. As a politician and organiser of the völkisch movement in the German Empire, Fritsch was a member of the German Social Party (1889–1893), founder of the Reichshammerbund and the Germanenorden (Germanic Order; both in 1912). He was also a promotor of the garden city movement. During the Weimar Republic he co-founded the antisemitic Deutschvölkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund (German Nationalist Protection and Defiance Federation) and the far-right German Völkisch Freedom Party (1922). In May 1924 he was elected to the Reichstag, representing the National Socialist Freedom Party (NSFP). Fritsch is considered an intellectual forerunner of Nazism and was regarded by Nazi leaders as the "doyen of the movement". He is not to be confused with his son, also named Theodor Fritsch (1895–1946) and also a bookseller, who was a member of the paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party, the Sturmabteilung.
Gustav Theodor Fritsch (5 March 1838 – 12 June 1927) was a German anatomist, anthropologist, traveller and physiologist from Cottbus. Fritsch studied natural science and medicine in Berlin, Breslau and Heidelberg. In 1874 he became an associate professor of physiology at the University of Berlin, where he was later appointed head of the histological department at the physiological institute. He is known for his work with neuropsychiatrist Eduard Hitzig (1839–1907) involving the localization of the motor areas of the brain. In 1870, the two scientists probed the cerebral cortex of a dog to discover that electrical stimulation of different areas of the cerebrum caused involuntary muscular contractions of specific parts of the dog's body. Along with his medical studies, Fritsch was also known for his ethnographical research in southern Africa (1863–66), during which time he traveled from Cape Town through the Orange Free State, Basutoland, Natal and Bechuanaland. In 1868 he took part in an expedition to Aden to observe a solar eclipse (18 August), afterwards traveling to Egypt, where he accompanied Johannes Dümichen (1833-1894) on an archaeological and photographic expedition. In 1874, he journeyed to Isfahan to observe the transit of Venus. He also performed zoological research in Anatolia, and in 1881/82 studied electric fish in regions of the eastern Mediterranean.
Fritsch is a German surname. Like Fritsche, Fritzsch and Fritzsche, it is a patronymic derived from Friedrich. As an author citation in botany, it refers to Karl Fritsch (1864–1934). Notable people with the surname include: Ahasverus Fritsch (1629–1701), German jurist, poet and hymn writer Antonin Fritsch (1832–1913), Czech palaeontologist Bayley Fritsch (born 1996), professional Australian rules footballer Bernard Joseph Fritsch (1881–1951), Australian rules footballer Brad Fritsch (born 1977), Canadian professional golfer Eberhard Ludwig Cäsar Fritsch (died 1974), editor and publisher of the pro-Nazi monthly magazine in Argentina Der Weg Edward F. Fritsch (born 1950), scientist Elizabeth Fritsch (born 1940), British potter Eloy Fernando Fritsch (born 1968), Brazilian electronic musician Felix Eugen Fritsch, English phycologist Ferdinand Fritsch (1898-1966/7), Austrian football manager Florian Fritsch (born 1985), German professional golfer Frederick William Fritsch (born 1954), American former bobsleigh athlete Gerhard Fritsch (1924–1969), Austrian novelist and poet Gunther von Fritsch (1906–1988), film director Gustav Fritsch (1837–1927), German physiologist Hans Fritsch (1911–1987), German discus thrower Heinrich Fritsch (1844–1915), German gynecologist and obstetrician Horst Fritsch (1931–2010), German Green Party politician Jamie Fritsch (born 1985), American former professional ice hockey defenseman Johannes Fritsch (1941–2010), German composer Karl Fritsch (1864–1934), Austrian botanist Karl von Fritsch (1838–1906), German geologist Karl Fritsch (jeweller) (born 1963), German-born contemporary jeweller Katharina Fritsch (born 1956), German sculptor Lisa Fritsch (born 1975), American author and community activist Ludwig Fritsch, pseudonym of Marie Luise Droop (1890–1959), German writer, director and producer Margaret Goodin Fritsch (1899–1993), American architect Michael Fritsch, academic and researcher in the field of economics Nicolas Fritsch (born 1978), French cyclist Paul Fritsch (chemist) (1859–1913), German co-inventor of the Fritsch–Buttenberg–Wiechell rearrangement Paul Fritsch (1901–1970), French boxer Rüdiger von Fritsch (born 1953), German diplomat and author Stephan Fritsch (1962–2014), German artist Theodore Edward Fritsch Jr. (born 1950), former American football center Theodor Fritsch (1852–1933), German publisher and antisemitic pundit Thomas Fritsch (1944–2021), German television and dubbing actor Toni Fritsch (1945–2005), Austrian player of football (soccer) and American football Waldemar Fritsch (1909–1978), German porcelain sculptor and ceramist Walter Fritsch (1911-date of death unknown), Chilean hurdler Werner von Fritsch (1880–1939), German Wehrmacht officer Willy Fritsch (1901–1973), German theater and film actor Wolfgang Fritsch (born 1949), German lightweight rower
The German Völkisch Freedom Party (German: Deutschvölkische Freiheitspartei, or DVFP) was an early far-right political party of Weimar Germany that took its name from the Völkisch movement, a right-wing populist and antisemitic movement focused on folklore and the German Volk. Anti-communist, its criticism of capitalism reflected economic antisemitism rather than socialism. The DVFP was founded on 16 December 1922, when Wilhelm Henning, Reinhold Wulle, and Albrecht von Graefe broke from the German National People's Party (DNVP). Leading right-wing figures, such as Ernst Graf zu Reventlow, Artur Dinter, and Theodor Fritsch, joined the party on its foundation. Many members of the Deutschvölkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund joined the DVFP after the former was banned. After the Nazi Party was banned in the wake of the Beer Hall Putsch, the DVFP entered into an electoral alliance with many Nazis to form the National Socialist Freedom Movement in early 1924, a move endorsed by Erich Ludendorff and encouraged by Graefe, who hoped to gain control of the far right as a whole. This alliance was not a success, plans for a full merger fell through in August 1924, and Graefe and Wulle re-formed the DVFP, now named the German Völkisch Freedom Movement, as a rival to the Nazi Party in February 1925. The revived party was banned along with other non-Nazi parties in 1933.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.
