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In computer programming, a static variable is a variable that has been allocated "statically", meaning that its lifetime (or "extent") is the entire run of the program. This is in contrast to shorter-lived automatic variables, whose storage is stack allocated and deallocated on the call stack; and in contrast to dynamically allocated objects, whose storage is allocated and deallocated in heap memory. Static variables may also be given thread-local storage to ensure that each thread gets an independent instance of the variable.

Variable lifetime is contrasted with scope (where a variable can be used): "global" and "local" refer to scope, not lifetime, but scope often implies lifetime. In many languages, global variables are always static, but in some languages they are dynamic, while local variables are generally automatic, but may be static.

In general, static memory allocation is the allocation of memory at compile time, before the associated program is executed, unlike dynamic memory allocation or automatic memory allocation where memory is allocated as required at run time.^[1]

The static keyword is used in C and related languages both for static variables and other concepts. In Rust, an object's lifetime can be marked static using the static keyword or with a &'static lifetime annotation.

Static variables date at least to ALGOL 60 (1960), where they are known as own variables:

A declaration may be marked with the additional declarator own. This has the following effect: upon a re-entry into the block, the values of own quantities will be unchanged from their values at the last exit, while the values of declared variables that are not marked with own is undefined.

This definition is subtly different from a static variable: it only specifies behavior, and hence lifetime, not storage: an own variable can be allocated when a function is first called, for instance, rather than at program load time.

The use of the word static to refer to these variables dates at least to BCPL (1966), and has been popularized by the C language, which was heavily influenced by BCPL. The BCPL definition reads:

(1) Static data items:
Those data items whose extents lasts as long as the program execution time; such data items have manifest constant Lvalues. Every static data item must have been declared either in a function or routine definition, in a global declaration or as a label set by colon.

Note that BCPL defined a "dynamic data item" for what is now called an automatic variable (local, stack-allocated), not for heap-allocated objects, which is the current use of the term dynamic allocation.

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The absolute address addressing mode can only be used with static variables, because those are the only kinds of variables whose location is known by the compiler at compile time. When the program (executable or library) is loaded into memory, static variables are stored in the data segment of the program's address space (if initialized), or the BSS segment (if uninitialized), and are stored in corresponding sections of object files prior to loading.

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In terms of scope and extent, static variables have extent the entire run of the program, but may have more limited scope. A basic distinction is between a static global variable, which has global scope and thus is in context throughout the program, and a static local variable, which has local scope. A static local variable is different from a local variable as a static local variable is initialized only once no matter how many times the function in which it resides is called and its value is retained and accessible through many calls to the function in which it is declared, e.g. to be used as a count variable. A static variable may also have module scope or some variant, such as internal linkage in C, which is a form of file scope or module scope.

An example of a static local variable in C:

#include <stdio.h>

void func() {
    static int x = 0;
    // x is initialized only once across five calls of func() and the variable
    // will get incremented five times after these calls. The final value of x
    // will be 5.
    x++;
    printf("%d\n", x); // outputs the value of x
}

int main() {
    func(); // prints 1
    func(); // prints 2
    func(); // prints 3
    func(); // prints 4
    func(); // prints 5

    return 0;
}

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In object-oriented programming, there is also the concept of a static member variable, which is a "class variable" of a statically defined class, i.e., a member variable of a given class which is shared across all instances (objects), and is accessible as a member variable of these objects. A class variable of a dynamically defined class, in languages where classes can be defined at run time, is allocated when the class is defined and is not static.^[2]

Object constants known at compile-time, such as string literals, are usually allocated statically. In object-oriented programming, the virtual method tables of classes are usually allocated statically. A statically defined value can also be global in its scope ensuring the same immutable value is used throughout a run for consistency.

In C++ (since C++11), function-local static initialization (i.e. the initialization of a static function-local variable) is guaranteed to be thread-safe, even without the usage of manual locks; this feature is sometimes colloquially known as "magic statics". However, this feature depends on the C++ runtime.^[3]

In object-oriented programming, static variables are often used to implement the singleton pattern.

public final class Singleton {
    private static final Singleton INSTANCE = new Singleton();

    private Singleton() {}

    public static Singleton instance() {
        return INSTANCE;
    }
}

• Constant (computer programming)
• Global variable
• Static method
• Thread-local storage