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Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
TransferJet is a close proximity wireless transfer technology initially proposed by Sony and demonstrated publicly in early 2008.[1] By touching (or bringing very close together) two electronic devices, TransferJet allows high speed exchange of data. The concept of TransferJet consists of a touch-activated interface which can be applied for applications requiring high-speed data transfer between two devices in a peer-to-peer mode without the need for external physical connectors.[2]
TransferJet's maximum physical layer transmission rate is 560 Mbit/s. After allowing for error correction and other protocol overhead, the effective maximum throughput is 375 Mbit/s. TransferJet will adjust the data rate downward according to the wireless environment, thereby maintaining a robust link even when the surrounding wireless condition fluctuates.
TransferJet has the capability of identifying the unique MAC addresses of individual devices, enabling users to choose which devices can establish a connection. By allowing only devices inside the household, for example, one can prevent data theft from strangers while riding a crowded train. If, on the other hand, one wishes to connect the device with any other device at a party, this can be done by simply disabling the filtering function.
TransferJet uses the same frequency spectrum as UWB, but occupies only a section of this band available as a common worldwide channel. Since the RF power is kept under -70 dBm/MHz, it can operate in the same manner as that of UWB devices equipped with DAA functionality. In addition, this low power level also ensures that there will be no interference to other wireless systems, including other TransferJet systems, operating nearby.
By reducing the RF power and spatial reach down to a few centimeters (about an inch or less), a TransferJet connection in its most basic mode does not require any initial setup procedure by the user for either device, and the action of spontaneously touching one device with another will automatically trigger the data transfer. More complex usage scenarios will require various means to select the specific data to send as well as the location to store (or method to process) the received data.
TransferJet utilizes a newly developed TransferJet Coupler based on the principle of electric induction field as opposed to radiation field for conventional antennas. The functional elements of a generic TransferJet Coupler consist of a coupling electrode or plate, a resonant stub and ground. Compared to conventional radiating antennas, the TransferJet Coupler achieves higher transmission gain and more efficient coupling in the near-field while providing sharp attenuation at longer distances. Because the Coupler generates longitudinal electric fields, there is no polarization and the devices can be aligned at any angle.
TransferJet Specifications[3]
| Center Frequency | 4.48 GHz |
|---|---|
| Bandwidth | 560 MHz |
| Transmission Power | At or below -70 dBm/MHz (average) Corresponds to low-intensity radio wave regulation in Japan and Taiwan, and with local regulations in other countries and regions. |
| Transmission Rate | 560 Mbit/s (max) / 375 Mbit/s (effective throughput) System can adjust the transmission rate depending on the wireless environment. |
| Modulation | Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) π/2-shift BPSK |
| Connection Distance | A few cm (nominal) |
| Connection Topology | 1-to-1, Point-to-Point |
| Antenna Element | Longitudinal electric induction coupler |
Although sometimes confused with Near Field Communication, TransferJet depends on an entirely different technology and is also generally targeted for different usage scenarios focusing on high-speed data transfer. Thus these two systems will not interfere with each other and can even co-exist in the same location, as already implemented in certain products.[4] Other recent products combine TransferJet with wireless power to allow both data transfer and wireless charging capability simultaneously in the same location.[5] TransferJet, NFC and wireless power are the three major near-field (contact-less) technologies that are expected to eliminate the physical connections and cables currently required to interface devices with each other.
Comparison with NFC
| Technology | TransferJet | NFC |
|---|---|---|
| Center Frequency | 4.48 GHz | 13.56 MHz |
| Transmission Rate | 560 Mbit/s | 424 kbit/s |
| Main Use Cases | Fast file transfer, data synchronization audio/video streaming |
Authentication, Authorization, Electronic Payment, ID Tagging |
| Topology | Point-to-Point(1:1), bi-directional symmetrical |
Point-to-Point(1:1), bi-directional |
| Connection Type (power) | active-active | active-passive or active-active |
| Connection Distance | A few cm | A few cm |
| Antenna Element | Longitudinal electric induction coupler | Magnetic induction coil or loop |
| Standardization Body | ECMA 398, ISO/IEC 17568 | ECMA 340, ISO/IEC 18092 |
The TransferJet Consortium[6] was established in July 2008 to advance and promote the TransferJet Format, by developing the technical specifications and compliance testing procedures as well as creating a market for TransferJet-compliant, interoperable products. In September 2011, the consortium was registered as an independent non-profit industry association. As of June 2015, the Consortium is led by five Promoter companies, consisting of: JRC, NTT, Olympus, Sony (consortium administrator), and Toshiba. The Consortium currently also has around thirty Adopter companies.[7] The TransferJet regular typeface and TransferJet logos are trademarks managed and licensed by the TransferJet Consortium.
Commercial products have been introduced since January 2010 and the initial product categories include digital cameras,[8] laptop PCs,[4] USB cradle accessories,[9] USB dongle accessories[10] and office/business equipment.[11] Compliance testing equipment is provided by Agilent technologies and certification services are offered by Allion Test Labs. The first commercially available TransferJet development platform for embedded systems was launched by Icoteq Ltd in February 2015.[12] Smartphones with integrated TransferJet functionality were launched in June 2015 from Fujitsu,[13] and Bkav.[14] Other product vendors include Buffalo and E-Globaledge.[15]
TransferJet X[16] is a new second-generation TransferJet specification capable of data transfer speeds of 13.1 Gbit/sec and above, or about 20 times the speed of current TransferJet. This specification uses the 60 GHz band and requires only 2 msec or less to establish a connection prior to the actual data transfer, thereby enabling the exchange of large content files even in the short amount of time it takes, for example, for a person to walk through a wicket gate. The TransferJet Consortium is currently defining the details of the TransferJet X ecosystem, based on the IEEE 802.15.3e standard[17] completed and published in June 2017. The HRCP Research and Development Partnership,[18] established in 2016, is developing an SoC solution for implementing TransferJet X in a variety of products and services to be released starting around 2020.
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
TransferJet is a close proximity wireless transfer technology initially proposed by Sony and demonstrated publicly in early 2008. By touching (or bringing very close together) two electronic devices, TransferJet allows high speed exchange of data. The concept of TransferJet consists of a touch-activated interface which can be applied for applications requiring high-speed data transfer between two devices in a peer-to-peer mode without the need for external physical connectors. TransferJet's maximum physical layer transmission rate is 560 Mbit/s. After allowing for error correction and other protocol overhead, the effective maximum throughput is 375 Mbit/s. TransferJet will adjust the data rate downward according to the wireless environment, thereby maintaining a robust link even when the surrounding wireless condition fluctuates. TransferJet has the capability of identifying the unique MAC addresses of individual devices, enabling users to choose which devices can establish a connection. By allowing only devices inside the household, for example, one can prevent data theft from strangers while riding a crowded train. If, on the other hand, one wishes to connect the device with any other device at a party, this can be done by simply disabling the filtering function. TransferJet uses the same frequency spectrum as UWB, but occupies only a section of this band available as a common worldwide channel. Since the RF power is kept under -70 dBm/MHz, it can operate in the same manner as that of UWB devices equipped with DAA functionality. In addition, this low power level also ensures that there will be no interference to other wireless systems, including other TransferJet systems, operating nearby. By reducing the RF power and spatial reach down to a few centimeters (about an inch or less), a TransferJet connection in its most basic mode does not require any initial setup procedure by the user for either device, and the action of spontaneously touching one device with another will automatically trigger the data transfer. More complex usage scenarios will require various means to select the specific data to send as well as the location to store (or method to process) the received data. TransferJet utilizes a newly developed TransferJet Coupler based on the principle of electric induction field as opposed to radiation field for conventional antennas. The functional elements of a generic TransferJet Coupler consist of a coupling electrode or plate, a resonant stub and ground. Compared to conventional radiating antennas, the TransferJet Coupler achieves higher transmission gain and more efficient coupling in the near-field while providing sharp attenuation at longer distances. Because the Coupler generates longitudinal electric fields, there is no polarization and the devices can be aligned at any angle. TransferJet Specifications Although sometimes confused with Near Field Communication, TransferJet depends on an entirely different technology and is also generally targeted for different usage scenarios focusing on high-speed data transfer. Thus these two systems will not interfere with each other and can even co-exist in the same location, as already implemented in certain products. Other recent products combine TransferJet with wireless power to allow both data transfer and wireless charging capability simultaneously in the same location. TransferJet, NFC and wireless power are the three major near-field (contact-less) technologies that are expected to eliminate the physical connections and cables currently required to interface devices with each other. Comparison with NFC The TransferJet Consortium was established in July 2008 to advance and promote the TransferJet Format, by developing the technical specifications and compliance testing procedures as well as creating a market for TransferJet-compliant, interoperable products. In September 2011, the consortium was registered as an independent non-profit industry association. As of June 2015, the Consortium is led by five Promoter companies, consisting of: JRC, NTT, Olympus, Sony (consortium administrator), and Toshiba. The Consortium currently also has around thirty Adopter companies. The TransferJet regular typeface and TransferJet logos are trademarks managed and licensed by the TransferJet Consortium. Commercial products have been introduced since January 2010 and the initial product categories include digital cameras, laptop PCs, USB cradle accessories, USB dongle accessories and office/business equipment. Compliance testing equipment is provided by Agilent technologies and certification services are offered by Allion Test Labs. The first commercially available TransferJet development platform for embedded systems was launched by Icoteq Ltd in February 2015. Smartphones with integrated TransferJet functionality were launched in June 2015 from Fujitsu, and Bkav. Other product vendors include Buffalo and E-Globaledge. TransferJet X is a new second-generation TransferJet specification capable of data transfer speeds of 13.1 Gbit/sec and above, or about 20 times the speed of current TransferJet. This specification uses the 60 GHz band and requires only 2 msec or less to establish a connection prior to the actual data transfer, thereby enabling the exchange of large content files even in the short amount of time it takes, for example, for a person to walk through a wicket gate. The TransferJet Consortium is currently defining the details of the TransferJet X ecosystem, based on the IEEE 802.15.3e standard completed and published in June 2017. The HRCP Research and Development Partnership, established in 2016, is developing an SoC solution for implementing TransferJet X in a variety of products and services to be released starting around 2020.
Walkman (Japanese: ウォークマン, Hepburn: Wōkuman) is a brand of portable audio players manufactured by Sony since 1979. It was originally introduced as a portable cassette player and later expanded to include a range of portable audio products. Since 2011, the brand has referred exclusively to digital flash memory players. The Walkman became widely popular during the 1980s for its portable design and private listening experience. It influenced popular culture by promoting individualized music consumption and supporting activities such as aerobics. Its widespread use gave rise to the "Walkman effect", a term describing how portable music devices and headphones allow listeners to control their sonic environment. In 1986, "Walkman" was added to the Oxford English Dictionary, and in some markets the term became a genericized trademark for portable audio players. The Walkman also contributed to the widespread adoption of the Compact Cassette format, which surpassed vinyl record sales in 1983. Sony sold approximately 220 million cassette-based Walkman units before ending production in 2010. Sony also achieved commercial success with its CD-based models (originally marketed as the Discman, later rebranded as the CD Walkman), and by 2010, cumulative sales of all Walkman devices had reached around 400 million units. However, despite extensive marketing efforts, MiniDisc Walkman devices remained a niche product. In the digital era, Sony was unable to replicate the brand’s earlier success, as Apple's iPod range gained widespread popularity and limited international Walkman sales. The Walkman’s influence on consumer electronics has been compared to later devices such as mobile phones and personal computers.
Wireless communication (or just wireless, when the context allows) is the transfer of information (telecommunication) between two or more points without the use of an electrical conductor, optical fiber or other continuous guided medium for the transfer. The most common wireless technologies use radio waves. With radio waves, intended distances can be short, such as a few meters for Bluetooth, or as far as millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable applications, including two-way radios, cellular telephones, and wireless networking. Other examples of applications of radio wireless technology include GPS units, garage door openers, wireless computer mice, keyboards and headsets, headphones, radio receivers, satellite television, broadcast television and cordless telephones. Somewhat less common methods of achieving wireless communications involve other electromagnetic phenomena, such as light and magnetic or electric fields, or the use of sound. The term wireless has been used twice in communications history, with slightly different meanings. It was initially used from about 1890 for the first radio transmitting and receiving technology, as in wireless telegraphy, until the new word radio replaced it around 1920. Radio sets in the UK and the English-speaking world that were not portable continued to be referred to as wireless sets into the 1960s. The term wireless was revived in the 1980s and 1990s mainly to distinguish digital devices that communicate without wires, such as the examples listed in the previous paragraph, from those that require wires or cables. This became its primary usage in the 2000s, due to the advent of technologies such as mobile broadband, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth. Wireless operations permit services, such as mobile and interplanetary communications, that are impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires. The term is commonly used in the telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems (e.g. radio transmitters and receivers, remote controls, etc.) that use some form of energy (e.g. radio waves and acoustic energy) to transfer information without the use of wires. Information is transferred in this manner over both short and long distances .
Near-field communication (NFC) is a set of communication protocols that enables communication between two electronic devices over a distance of 4 cm (1+1⁄2 in) or less. NFC offers a low-speed connection through a simple setup that can be used for the bootstrapping of capable wireless connections. Like other proximity card technologies, NFC is based on inductive coupling between two electromagnetic coils present on an NFC-enabled device such as a smartphone. NFC communicating in one or both directions uses a frequency of 13.56 MHz in the globally available unlicensed radio-frequency ISM band, compliant with the ISO/IEC 18000-3 air-interface standard at data rates ranging from 106 to 848 kbit/s. The NFC Forum has helped define and promote the technology, setting standards for certifying device compliance. Secure communications are available by applying encryption algorithms, as is done for credit cards, and if they fit the criteria for being considered a personal area network.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.