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Mansa Musa was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa. Details recorded here should be sourced; unknown information is left blank.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
Tsiklon (meaning cyclone, Russian: Циклон) is the first Soviet satellite navigation system, developed in the former Soviet Union.
From 1967 to 1978 a total of 31 Zaliv satellites were launched onboard Kosmos-3 and Kosmos-3M rockets, from the Kapustin Yar and Plesetsk launch sites.[1] The project was conceived in the 1950s and the draft proposal was approved in 1962, but was not made operational until 1972 due to delays.[2]
The successor satellites to Tsiklon were Parus and Sfera.[2] Currently, Russia operates the GLONASS system.
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Tsiklon (meaning cyclone, Russian: Циклон) is the first Soviet satellite navigation system, developed in the former Soviet Union. From 1967 to 1978 a total of 31 Zaliv satellites were launched onboard Kosmos-3 and Kosmos-3M rockets, from the Kapustin Yar and Plesetsk launch sites. The project was conceived in the 1950s and the draft proposal was approved in 1962, but was not made operational until 1972 due to delays. The successor satellites to Tsiklon were Parus and Sfera. Currently, Russia operates the GLONASS system.
Parus (Russian: Парус meaning Sail), also Tsyklon-B or Tsiklon-B (Russian: Циклон-Б meaning Cyclone-B) and Tsikada-M (Russian: Цикада-М meaning Cicada-M), GRAU index 11F627, was a Russian, previously Soviet satellite constellation used for communication and navigation. As of 2010, 99 Parus satellites had been launched, starting with Kosmos 700 in 1974. All launches had been conducted using Kosmos-3M carrier rockets, flying from sites 132 and 133 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. The prime function of Parus satellites was to provide location information for the Tsiklon-B navigation system. Parus satellites were produced by JSC Information Satellite Systems (formerly NPO PM), based on the KAUR-1 satellite bus. They had a mass of around 825 kilograms (1,819 lb), and a design life of 18–24 months. The satellites operated in low Earth orbits, typically with a perigee of about 950 kilometres (590 mi), an apogee of 1,005 kilometres (624 mi) and 82.9° inclination. They were operated by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces, and were used primarily for navigation, Store and forward communication, and to relay data from US-P satellites. Some of the navigation functions are believed to have been superseded by the GLONASS system.
The satellite navigation system GLONASS was conceived in the late 1960s, and formal requirements were completed in 1970. The government of the Soviet Union made a decision to develop the system in 1976. Design work was carried out by specialists led by Vladimir Cheremisin at NPO PM in Krasnoyarsk-26. The first launch took place in 1982. Until its dissolution in 1991, the Soviet Union launched 43 GLONASS-related satellites. Work on the system was continued by the Russian Federation which brought it its full operational capability in 1995. In the following years, the system fell into disrepair due to the economic crisis in the country and diminished space funding. Starting from 2000, the government under President Vladimir Putin made the restoration of GLONASS a top priority; its funding was doubled and after a lull of several years, launches were restarted again. In 2003, a new satellite design, GLONASS-M, was introduced. By early 2011, GLONASS had 22 operational satellites, two short of the required constellation of 24 to provide global coverage. The latest and significantly improved satellite type, GLONASS-K, was launched in February 2011.
Tsikada (Russian: Цикада meaning cicada) was a Soviet satellite navigation system including ten Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. It transmitted the same two carrier frequencies as the U.S. TRANSIT satellite system. The first satellite was launched in 1974.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →The Greenwood District.