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Mansa Musa was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa. Details recorded here should be sourced; unknown information is left blank.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| Ulmus 'Aspera' | |
|---|---|
| Genus | Ulmus |
| Cultivar | 'Aspera' |
| Origin | England |
The elm cultivar Ulmus 'Aspera' was listed (as U. stricta aspera) without description by Loddiges, (Hackney, London), in his catalogue of 1823. Considered only "possibly procera" by Green.[1]
Not available. The name suggests sharp-pointed leaves.
No specimens are known to survive.
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
The elm cultivar Ulmus 'Aspera' was listed (as U. stricta aspera) without description by Loddiges, (Hackney, London), in his catalogue of 1823. Considered only "possibly procera" by Green.
Ulmus americana, generally known as the American elm or, less commonly, as the white elm or water elm, is a species of elm native to eastern North America. The trees can live for several hundred years. It is a very hardy species that can withstand low winter temperatures. The American elm was once exceptionally common as a street tree, its tolerance of urban conditions making it a popular choice to line American streets in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The coming of beetles bearing Dutch elm disease devastated the American elm population, starting in the 1920s. The species still holds out in some locations, but is also no longer nearly as common as during its height. The wood was seldom utilized until the advent of mechanical sawing, for its interlocking grain is difficult to split and tends to bind on saws. It is the state tree of Massachusetts and North Dakota.
Ulmus glabra, the wych elm or Scots elm, has the widest range of the European elm species, from Ireland eastwards to the Ural Mountains, and from the Arctic Circle south to the mountains of the Peloponnese and Sicily, where the species reaches its southern limit in Europe; it is also native to the Caucasus region and parts of Western Asia (Turkey, Syria and Iran). A large deciduous tree, it is essentially a montane species, growing at altitudes up to 1,500 m (5,000 ft), preferring sites with moist soils and high humidity. The tree can form pure forests in Scandinavia and occurs as far north as latitude 67°N at Beiarn Municipality in Norway. It has been successfully introduced as far north as Tromsø and Alta in northern Norway (70°N). It has also been successfully introduced to Narsarsuaq, near the southern tip of Greenland (61°N). The tree was by far the most common elm in the north and west of the British Isles and is now acknowledged as the only indisputably British native elm species. Owing to its former abundance in Scotland, the tree was occasionally (primarily historically) known as Scots elm; Loch Lomond is said to be derived from the Gaelic Lac Leaman, interpreted by some as 'Lake of the Elms', 'leaman' being the genitive plural form of leam or lem, 'elm'. Closely related species, such as Bergmann's elm, U. bergmanniana, and the Manchurian elm, U. laciniata, native to northeast Asia, were once sometimes included in U. glabra; another close relative is the Himalayan or Kashmir elm, U. wallichiana. Conversely, U. elliptica from the Caucasus, considered a species by many authorities, is sometimes listed as a regional form of U. glabra.
The field elm (Ulmus minor) cultivar 'Atinia' , commonly known as the English elm, formerly common elm and horse may, and more lately the Atinian elm, was, before the spread of Dutch elm disease, the most common field elm in central southern England, though not native there, and one of the largest and fastest-growing deciduous trees in Europe. R. H. Richens noted that elm populations exist in north-west Spain, northern Portugal, and on the Mediterranean coast of France that "closely resemble the English elm" and appear to be "trees of long standing" in those regions rather than recent introductions. Augustine Henry had earlier noted that the supposed English elms planted extensively in the Royal Park at Aranjuez from the late 16th century onwards, specimens said to have been introduced from England by Philip II and "differing in no respects from the English elm in England", behaved as native trees in Spain. He suggested that the tree "may be a true native of Spain, indigenous in the alluvial plains of the great rivers, now almost completely deforested". Richens believed that English elm was a particular clone of the variable species Ulmus minor, referring to it as Ulmus minor var. vulgaris. A 2004 survey of genetic diversity in Spain, Italy, and the UK confirmed that English elms are indeed genetically identical, clones of a single tree, said to be Columella's 'Atinian elm', once widely used for training vines, and assumed to have been brought to the British Isles by Romans for that purpose. Thus, despite its name, the origin of the tree is widely believed to be Atina, Lazio, in Italy, the home town of Columella, whence he imported it to his vineyards in Cádiz, although the clone is no longer found in Atina and has not yet been identified further east. Max Coleman of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh writes: "The advent of DNA fingerprinting has shed considerable light on the question. A number of studies have now shown that the distinctive forms that Melville elevated to species and Richens lumped together as field elm are single clones, all genetically identical, that have been propagated by vegetative means such as cuttings or root suckers, as the flowers are completely sterile. This means that enigmatic British elms such as ... English elm have turned out to be single clones of field elm." Most flora and field guides, however, do not list English elm as a form of U. minor, but rather as U. procera . The variable field elms of East Anglia and eastern Kent, Ulmus minor subsp. minor, are sometimes incorrectly labelled "English elm". As Richens noted (1955), ornamental plantings aside, "U. procera hardly occurs east of a line running from Peterborough to Waltham".
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.
