Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
Underclocking, also known as downclocking, is modifying a computer or electronic circuit's timing settings to run at a lower clock rate than is specified. Underclocking is used to reduce a computer's power consumption, increase battery life, reduce heat emission, and it may also increase the system's stability, lifespan/reliability and compatibility. Underclocking may be implemented by the factory, but many computers and components may be underclocked by the end user. Underclocking is the opposite of overclocking.
Transistor aging (sometimes called silicon aging) is the process of silicon transistors developing flaws over time as they are used, degrading performance and reliability, and eventually failing altogether. Despite the name, similar mechanisms may affect transistors made of any kind of semiconductor. Manufacturers compensate for this (as well as manufacturing defects) by running chips at slower speeds than they are initially capable of (underclocking).
Double data rate synchronous dynamic random-access memory (DDR SDRAM) is a type of synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) widely used in computers and other electronic devices. It improves on earlier SDRAM technology by transferring data on both the rising and falling edges of the clock signal, effectively doubling the data rate without increasing the clock frequency. This technique, known as double data rate (DDR), allows for higher memory bandwidth while maintaining lower power consumption and reduced signal interference. DDR SDRAM was first introduced in the late 1990s and is sometimes referred to as DDR1 to distinguish it from later generations. It has been succeeded by DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM, DDR4 SDRAM (1×32-bit channel), DDR5 SDRAM (2×32-bit subchannels), and upcoming DDR6 SDRAM (with 4×16-bit subchannels), each offering further improvements in speed, capacity, and efficiency. These generations are not backward or forward compatible, meaning memory modules from different DDR versions cannot be used interchangeably on the same motherboard. In 2026, a cost-reduced HUDIMM was introduced, with only one 32-bit channel, not the usual two subchannels (and thus also half the bandwidth and capacity of DDR5), compatible with some DDR5-using motherboards. Another adaptation to skyrocketing memory prices (caused by AI boom) are adapters to use cheaper laptop memory in desktop computers. DDR memory is used in laptops, desktops and servers, in different (DIMM) form factors; and usually unbuffered, not registered, except in servers. CUDIMM is a desktop memory (form factor) introduced for DDR5 in 2024, clocked (and unbuffered), while registered memory exist (for servers), and faster DDR5 MRDIMM; and generation 2 and 3 of MRDIMM upcoming). DDR SDRAM typically transfers 64 bits of data at a time. Its effective transfer rate is calculated by multiplying the memory bus clock speed by two (for double data rate), then by the width of the data bus (64 bits), and dividing by eight to convert bits to bytes. For example, a DDR module with a 100 MHz bus clock has a peak transfer rate of 1600 megabytes per second (MB/s).
Intel Corporation is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California. It designs, manufactures, and sells computer components such as central processing units (CPUs) and related products for business and consumer markets. Intel was the world's third-largest semiconductor chip manufacturer by revenue in 2024 and has been included in the Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by revenue since 2007. It was one of the first companies listed on Nasdaq. Intel supplies microprocessors for most manufacturers of computer systems, and is one of the developers of the x86 series of instruction sets found in most personal computers (PCs). It also manufactures chipsets, network interface controllers, flash memory, graphics processing units (GPUs), and other devices related to communications and computing. Intel has a strong presence in the general-purpose and gaming PC market with its Intel Core line of CPUs and Intel Arc series of GPUs. Intel was founded in 1968 by engineers Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce, along with investor Arthur Rock, and is associated with the executive leadership and vision of Andrew Grove. The company was a key component of the rise of Silicon Valley as a high-tech center, and was an early developer of static (SRAM) and dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) chips, which represented the majority of its business until 1981. Although Intel created the world's first commercial microprocessor chip—the Intel 4004—in 1971, it was not until the success of the PC in the early 1980s that this became its primary business. During the 1990s, the partnership between Microsoft Windows and Intel—known as Wintel—shaped the PC market, solidifying Intel's position. As a result, Intel invested heavily in new microprocessor designs in the mid-to-late 1990s, fostering the industry's rapid growth. During this period, it became the dominant supplier of CPUs, and was known for aggressive and anti-competitive tactics in defense of its position, as well as tensions with Microsoft over the PC industry's direction. Since the 2000s and especially the late 2010s, competition from AMD has reduced Intel's dominance and market share, though it continues to lead the x86 market in the 2020s by a wide margin.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →The Greenwood District.