Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
Mansa Musa was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa. Details recorded here should be sourced; unknown information is left blank.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
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| Identifiers | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aliases | VIPR2, C16DUPq36.3, DUP7q36.3, PACAP-R-3, PACAP-R3, VIP-R-2, VPAC2, VPAC2R, VPCAP2R, vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 601970; MGI: 107166; GeneCards: VIPR2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 also known as VPAC2, is a G-protein coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the VIPR2 gene.[5]
VIPR2 is expressed in the uterus, prostate, smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract, seminal vesicles and skin, blood vessels and thymus.[6][7] VIPR2 is also expressed in the cerebellum.[8]
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) are homologous peptides that function as neurotransmitters and neuroendocrine hormones. While the receptors for VIP (VIRP 1 and 2) and PACAP (ADCYAP1R1) share homology, they differ in their substrate specificities and expression patterns.[5] VIPR2 transduction results in upregulation of adenylate cyclase activity.[9] Furthermore, VIPR2 mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of VIP.[10]
Research using VPAC2 knockout mice implicate it in the function of the circadian clock, growth, basal energy expenditure and male reproduction.[11][12][13][14]
VIPR2 and/or PAC1 receptor activation is involved in cutaneous active vasodilation in humans.[15]
Splice variants may modify the immunoregulatory contributions of the VIP-VIPR2 axis.[16]
VIPR2 may contribute to autoregulation and/or coupling within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) core and to control of the SCN shell.[17]
VIPR2 may play a role in schizophrenia.[18]
The abnormal expression of VIPR2 messenger RNA in gallbladder tissue may play a role in the formation of gall stones and polyps.[19]
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 also known as VPAC2, is a G-protein coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the VIPR2 gene.
1q21.1 duplication syndrome, also known as 1q21.1 microduplication, is an uncommon copy number variant associated with several congenital abnormalities, including developmental delay, dysmorphic traits, autism spectrum disorder, and congenital cardiac defects. Common facial features include frontal bossing, hypertelorism, and macrocephaly. Around 18 and 29% of patients with 1q21.1 microduplications have congenital cardiac abnormalities. 1q21.1 duplication syndrome is caused by microduplications of the BP3-BP4 region. 18-50% are de novo deletions and 50-82% inherited from parents. The 1q21.1 area, one of the largest regions in the human genome, is highly susceptible to copy number variation due to its frequent low-copy duplications. Whole exome sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction can provide a precise molecular diagnosis for children with 1q21.1 microduplication syndrome.
Chromosome 15 open reading frame 61 (c15orf61) is a uncharacterized, human-protein coding gene. This gene encodes a 157-amino-acid protein with a molecular weight of 18.1kDa. C15orf61 is evolutionarily conserved and has orthologs in various species, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, and invertebrates.
There are two known receptors for the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) termed VPAC1 and VPAC2. These receptors bind both VIP and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) to some degree. Both receptors are members of the 7 transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor family. VPAC1 is distributed widely in the CNS, liver, lung, intestine and T-lymphocytes. VPAC2 is found in the CNS, pancreas, skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, adipose tissue, testis, and stomach. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) receptors are activated by the endogenous peptides VIP, PACAP-38, PACAP-27, peptide histidine isoleucineamide (PHI), peptide histidine methionineamide (PHM) and peptide histidine valine (PHV). “PACAP type II receptors” (VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors) display comparable affinity for PACAP and VIP, whereas PACAP-27 and PACAP-38 are >100 fold more potent than VIP as agonists of most isoforms of the PAC1 receptor.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.