Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
Mansa Musa was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa. Details recorded here should be sourced; unknown information is left blank.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
Packets that hold Internet Protocol data carry a four-bit IP version number as the first field of its header.[1][2] Currently, only IPv4 and IPv6 packets are seen on the Internet, having IP version numbers 4 and 6, respectively.
As the version number is carried in a four-bit field, only numbers 0–15 can be assigned.
| IP version | Description | Year | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Internet Protocol, pre-v4 | N/A | Reserved[3] |
| 1 | Experimental version | 1973 | Obsolete |
| 2 | Experimental version | 1977 | Obsolete |
| 3 | Experimental version | 1978 | Obsolete |
| 4 | Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)[1] | 1981 | Active |
| 5 | Internet Stream Protocol (ST) | 1979 | Obsolete, superseded by ST-II (or ST2) |
| Internet Stream Protocol (ST-II or ST2) | 1987 | Obsolete, superseded by ST2+ | |
| Internet Stream Protocol (ST2+)[4] | 1995 | Obsolete | |
| 6 | Simple Internet Protocol (SIP) | N/A | Obsolete, merged into IPv6 in 1995[3] |
| Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)[2] | 1995 | Active | |
| 7 | TP/IX The Next Internet (IPv7)[5] | 1993 | Obsolete[6] |
| 8 | P Internet Protocol (PIP)[7] | 1994 | Obsolete, merged into SIP in 1993 |
| 9 | TCP and UDP over Bigger Addresses (TUBA) | 1992 | Obsolete[8] |
| IPv9 | 1994 | April Fools' Day joke[9] | |
| Chinese IPv9 | 2004 | Abandoned | |
| 10–14 | N/A | N/A | Unassigned |
| 15 | Version field sentinel value | N/A | Reserved |
During the development of the first version of the Internet Protocol in the 1970s, the initial experimental versions 1 to 3 were not standardized. The first working version that was widely deployed was assigned version number 4.[10]
A separate protocol based on reliable connections was developed and assigned version 5.
IP version 7 was chosen in 1988 by R. Ullmann as the next IP version because he incorrectly assumed that version 6 was in use for ST-II. However, ST-II had reused version 5 of the original ST protocol.[5]: 7
In the early 1990s, when it became apparent that IPv4 could not sustain routing in a growing Internet, several new Internet Protocols were proposed. The Internet Protocol that finally emerged was assigned version number 6, being the lowest free number greater than 4.
The PIP protocol and TUBA protocol used versions 8 and 9, following version 7 for TP/IX.
In 2004, an IPv9 protocol was developed in China using 256-bit addresses.
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Packets that hold Internet Protocol data carry a four-bit IP version number as the first field of its header. Currently, only IPv4 and IPv6 packets are seen on the Internet, having IP version numbers 4 and 6, respectively.
Releases of Ubuntu—a Linux operating system mostly composed of free and open-source software—are made semiannually by Canonical Ltd using the year and month of the release as a version number. The first Ubuntu release, for example, was Ubuntu 4.10 and was released on 20 October 2004. Consequently, version numbers for future versions are provisional; if the release is delayed until a different month (or even year) than planned, the version number will change accordingly. Releases are scheduled every April and October to incorporate new GNOME releases made every March and September. Free support is offered and includes security updates for "main" free software packaged. Every fourth release, scheduled for April of every even-numbered year, is designated as a long-term support (LTS) release, meaning it receives free support for five years. Non-LTS releases are designed as interim releases and receive free support for nine months. The Expanded Security Maintenance (ESM) service from the Ubuntu Pro subscription, which is free for personal use on up to five devices, extends long-term support to be ten-years long and include security updates for community-managed "universe" free software packages. The Legacy subscription add-on extends long-term support to fifteen years. On 19 March 2013, the Ubuntu Technical Board reduced the support period for interim releases from eighteen months to nine. For LTS releases 10.04 and earlier, the desktop version received free support for three years, and the server version for five years. LTS release 12.04 harmonized the support period to five years and introduced the Extended Security Maintenance service as part of the Ubuntu Advantage subscription service. By 26 January 2023, Ubuntu Advantage was rebranded to Ubuntu Pro, and ESM to Expanded Security Maintenance as support for the Universe repository was added to the service. The paid Legacy Support was introduced on 25 March 2024, extending long-term support by two years, which increased to five years on 13 November 2025.
The history of macOS, Apple's current Mac operating system (formerly named Mac OS X until 2011 and then OS X until 2016), began with the company's project to replace its classic Mac OS. That system, up to and including its final release Mac OS 9, was a direct descendant of the operating system Apple had used in its Mac computers since their introduction in 1984. The current macOS is a UNIX operating system built on technology that had been developed at NeXT from the 1980s until Apple purchased the company in early 1997. macOS components derived from BSD include multiuser access, TCP/IP networking, and memory protection. Although it was originally marketed as simply "version 10" of Mac OS (indicated by the Roman numeral "X"), it has a completely different codebase from Mac OS 9, as well as substantial changes to its user interface (UI). The transition was a technologically and strategically significant one. To ease the transition for users and developers, versions 10.0 through 10.4 were able to run Mac OS 9 and its applications in the Classic Environment, a compatibility layer. macOS was first released in 1999 as Mac OS X Server 1.0, built using the technologies Apple acquired from NeXT, but did not include the signature Aqua UI. Mac OS X 10.0 is the first desktop version, aimed at regular users, released in March 2001. Several more distinct desktop and server editions of macOS have been released since. Mac OS X Server is no longer offered as a standalone operating system with the release of Mac OS X 10.7 Lion. Instead, server management tools were provided as an application, available as a separate add-on, until it was discontinued on April 21, 2022, making it incompatible with macOS 13 Ventura or later. Releases of macOS, starting with the Intel build of Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard, are certified as Unix systems conforming to the Single UNIX Specification. Mac OS X Lion was the first release for which the shortened OS X name was occasionally used, where it was sometimes called OS X Lion, but this naming scheme was first officially adopted as the sole branding with OS X Mountain Lion. The operating system was further renamed macOS with the release of macOS Sierra. Mac OS X 10.0 and 10.1 were given names of big cats as internal code names, Cheetah and Puma. Starting with Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar, big-cat names were used as marketing names. Beginning with OS X 10.9 Mavericks, names of locations in California were used as marketing names instead. macOS retained the major version number 10 throughout its development history until the release of macOS 11 Big Sur in 2020, where its major version number was incremented by one with each release. In 2025, Apple unified the versioning across all products, including its other operating systems, to match the year after its WWDC announcement, beginning with macOS 26 Tahoe, which was released on September 15, 2025.
macOS (previously OS X and originally Mac OS X) is a proprietary Unix operating system, derived from OPENSTEP for Mach and FreeBSD, which has been marketed and developed by Apple since 2001. It is the current operating system for Apple's line of Mac computers. As of April 2026, within the market of desktop and laptop computers, it is the second most widely used desktop OS, after Microsoft Windows and ahead of all Linux distributions, including ChromeOS and SteamOS. As of 2026, the most recent release of macOS is macOS 27 Golden Gate, the 23rd major version of macOS. Mac OS X succeeded the classic Mac OS, the primary Macintosh operating system from 1984 to 2001. Its underlying architecture came from NeXT's NeXTSTEP, as a result of Apple's acquisition of NeXT, which also brought Steve Jobs back to Apple. The first desktop version, Mac OS X 10.0, was released on March 24, 2001. Apart from OS X Lion, all versions from Mac OS X Leopard onwards are UNIX 03 certified. Each of Apple's other contemporary operating systems, including iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, tvOS, audioOS and visionOS, are derivatives of macOS. During its history, macOS has supported three major processor architectures: the initial version supported PowerPC-based Macs only, with support for Intel-based Macs beginning with Mac OS X Tiger 10.4.4 and support for ARM-based Apple silicon Macs beginning with macOS Big Sur. Support for PowerPC-based Macs was dropped with Mac OS X Snow Leopard, and it was announced at the 2025 Worldwide Developers Conference that macOS Tahoe will be the last to support Intel-based Macs. Unlike versions of the classic Mac OS, Mac OS X retained the same major version number (10) for almost two decades, with major releases only incrementing the minor version number (e.g. 10.5 → 10.6). Since 2020, Apple increments the major version component in each major release, with macOS Big Sur getting version number 11. In 2025, the numbering scheme was changed once again, now using the number of the year that follows the release year (e.g. macOS Tahoe, released in September 2025, has a version number 26). A prominent part of macOS's original brand identity was the use of the Roman numeral X, pronounced "ten", as well as code naming each release after species of big cats, and later, places within California. Apple shortened the name to "OS X" in 2011 and then changed it to "macOS" in 2016 to align with the branding of Apple's other operating systems. In 2020, macOS Big Sur was presented as version 11—a marked departure after 16 releases of Mac OS X/macOS 10.x—but the naming convention continued to reference places within California. In 2025, Apple unified the version number across all of its products to align with the year after their WWDC announcement, so the release announced at the 2025 WWDC, macOS Tahoe, is macOS 26.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Joe Louis.
