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The MOVE Fire

This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985 Philadelphia police fired thousands of rounds at the MOVE house, city officials approved dropping an explosive device on the roof, the resulting fire was allowed to burn, 11 people—including five children—died, and 61 homes were destroyed. Philadelphia City Council later called it a “brutal attack carried out by the City of Philadelphia on its own citizens” and acknowledged that no individual faced criminal consequences for the bombing. One timeline correction worth preserving for the BHP record: the major previous MOVE-police confrontation was August 8, 1978, about seven years before the bombing, not a year or two earlier. Officer James Ramp was killed, other police and firefighters were wounded, nine MOVE members were later convicted, and television cameras recorded police beating Delbert Africa during his arrest. The 1985 MOVE Commission later specifically criticized city planners for failing to adequately use lessons from that 1978 confrontation. And that actually strengthens the point you’re making: 1985 did not happen without precedent or institutional memory. There had already been a deadly confrontation with MOVE, years of conflict, negotiations and police involvement before Osage Avenue.

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The Violence That Helped Spark the NAACP

In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.

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Wikipedia

Voiceless velar plosive

Voiceless velar plosive
k
IPA number109
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)k
Unicode (hex)U+006B
X-SAMPAk
Braille⠅ (braille pattern dots-13)

A voiceless velar plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in almost all spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "k" sound in "skip". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨k⟩.

A [k] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain [k], and some distinguish more than one variety. Many languages also have a two-way contrast between aspirated and plain [k]. Only a few languages lack a voiceless velar plosive, e.g. North Azerbaijani, Tahitian, and Mongolian.

Some languages have a voiceless pre-velar or post-palatal plosive, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as front as the prototypical palatal plosive. See Voiceless palatal plosive § Post-palatal for more information.

Conversely, some languages have a voiceless post-velar plosive,[1] which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as back as the prototypical uvular plosive.

Features

[edit]
Sagittal section of a voiceless velar plosive

Features of a voiceless velar stop:

Occurrence

[edit]
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abkhaz ақалақь/ak̇halak̇h' [ˈakalakʲ] 'the city' See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe Shapsug кьэт/k′ėt [kʲat]ⓘ 'chicken' Dialectal; corresponds to [t͡ʃ] in other dialects.
Temirgoy пскэн/pskėn [pskan] 'to cough'
Ahtna gistaann [kɪstʰɐːn] 'six'
Aleut[2] kiikax̂ [kiːkaχ] 'cranberry bush'
Arabic Modern Standard[3] ك‍‍تب/kataba [ˈkatabɐ] 'he wrote' See Arabic phonology
Armenian Eastern[4] քաղաք/ k'aġak'/k'aghak [kʰɑˈʁɑkʰ] 'town' Contrasts with unaspirated form.
Assamese কম/kom [kɔm] 'less'
Assyrian ܟܬܒ̣ܐ ctava [ktava] 'book' Used in most varieties, with the exception of the Urmia and Nochiya dialects
where it corresponds to [t͡ʃ].
Basque katu [kat̪u] 'cat'
Bengali কম/kom [kɔm] 'less' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian как/kak [kak] 'how' See Bulgarian phonology
Cantonese 家/gā [kaː˥]ⓘ 'home' See Cantonese phonology
橋/桥/kìuh [kʰi:u˨˩] 'bridge'
Catalan[5] cors [ˈkɔɾs] 'hearts' See Catalan phonology
Chuvash кукка [ku'kːɑ] 'mother's brother'
Czech kost [kost] 'bone' See Czech phonology
Danish Standard[6] gås [ˈkɔ̽ːs] 'goose' Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɡ̊⟩ or ⟨ɡ⟩. Contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨kʰ⟩ or ⟨k⟩. See Danish phonology
Dutch[7] koning [ˈkoːnɪŋ]ⓘ 'king' See Dutch phonology
English kiss [kʰɪs]ⓘ 'kiss' See English phonology
Esperanto rakonto [raˈkonto] 'tale' See Esperanto phonology
Estonian kõik [kɤik] 'all' See Estonian phonology
Filipino kuto [ˈkuto] 'lice'
Finnish kakku [kɑkːu] 'cake' See Finnish phonology
French[8] cabinet [kabinɛ]ⓘ 'office' See French phonology
Georgian[9] ქვა/kva [kʰva] 'stone'
German Käfig [ˈkʰɛːfɪç]ⓘ 'cage' See Standard German phonology
Greek καλόγερος / kalógeros [kaˈlo̞ʝe̞ro̞s̠] 'monk' See Modern Greek phonology
Gujarati કાંદો/kaṃde [kɑːnd̪oː] 'onion' See Gujarati phonology
Hebrew Modern כִּנּוֹר / kinór [kinˈor]ⓘ 'violin' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Samaritan ࠃࠓࠊ / derek [derek] 'path'
Hiligaynon kadlaw [kad̪law] 'laugh'
Hindustani काम / ک‍‍ام [kɑːm]ⓘ 'work' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Hokkien 歌/koa [kua˧˨] 'song' See Hokkien phonology
區/区/khu [kʰu˧˨] 'district'
Hmong White Hmong 𖬀𖬶 / keeb [kẽ˦] 'origin', 'beginning', or 'male name'
Hungarian akkor [ɒkkor] 'then' See Hungarian phonology
Ibaloi Koma 'rubber'
Italian[10] casa [ˈkäːzä]ⓘ 'house' See Italian phonology
Japanese[11] 鞄 / kaban [kabaɴ] 'handbag' See Japanese phonology
Kagayanen[12] kalag [kað̞aɡ] 'spirit'
Khmer កម្ពុជា / kâmpŭchéa [kampuciːə] 'Cambodia' See Khmer phonology
Korean 감자 / kamja [kamdʑa] 'potato' See Korean phonology
Lakota kimímela [kɪˈmɪmela] 'butterfly'
Luxembourgish[13] geess [ˈkeːs] 'goat' Less often voiced [ɡ]. It is usually transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɡ⟩, and it contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed ⟨k⟩.[13] See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonian кој [kɔj]ⓘ 'who' See Macedonian phonology
Marathi कवच [kəʋət͡s] 'armour' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Marathi phonology
Malay kaki [käki] 'leg' Unreleased in syllable codas in some words, See Malay phonology
Malayalam കഥ/katha [kət̪ʰə]ⓘ 'story' See Malayalam phonology
Mandarin 高/gāo [kɑʊ˥]ⓘ 'high' See Mandarin phonology
考/kǎo [kʰɑʊ˨˩˦] 'roast' (v.)
Nepali केरा [keɾä] 'banana' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali phonology
Norwegian kake [kɑːkə] 'cake' See Norwegian phonology
Odia କାମ/kāma [kämɔ] 'work' Contrasts with aspirated form.
Pashto كال/kal [kɑl] 'year'
Persian کارد/kārd [kɑrd] 'knife'
Polish[14] buk [ˈbuk]ⓘ 'beech tree' See Polish phonology
Portuguese[15] corpo [ˈkoɾpu]ⓘ 'body' See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi ਕਰ /کر / kar [kəɾ] 'do' Contrasts with aspirated form.
Romanian[16] când [ˈkɨnd] 'when' See Romanian phonology
Russian[17] короткий/korotkij [kɐˈrotkʲɪj]ⓘ 'short' See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[18] кост / kost [kȏːs̪t̪] 'bone' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak kosť [kɔ̝sc] 'bone' See Slovak phonology
Slovene kost [ˈkôːs̪t̪] 'bone' Aspirated before close vowels. See Slovene phonology
Spanish[19] casa [ˈkäsä]ⓘ 'house' See Spanish phonology
Swedish ko [ˈkʰuː] 'cow' See Swedish phonology
Sylheti ꠇꠤꠔꠣ/kita [kɪt̪à] 'what'
Tamil கல் [kəl]ⓘ 'rock' See Tamil phonology
Telugu కాకి/kāki [kāki] 'crow' Contrasts with aspirated form.
Thai ไก่/kị̀ [kaj˨˩] 'chicken' Contrasts with an aspirated form.
Toki Pona kulupu [kulupu] 'group' Sometimes aspirated.
Turkish kulak [kʰuɫäk] 'ear' See Turkish phonology
Ubykh кауар/kawar [kawar] 'slat' Found mostly in loanwords. See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian[20] колесо/koleso [ˈkɔɫɛsɔ]ⓘ 'wheel' See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese[21] cam [kam] 'orange' See Vietnamese phonology
Welsh calon [kʰalɔn] 'heart' See Welsh phonology
West Frisian keal [kɪəl] 'calf' See West Frisian phonology
Yi ꇰ / ge [kɤ˧] 'foolish' Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Zapotec Tilquiapan[22] canza [kanza] 'walking'

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular".
  2. ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
  3. ^ Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
  4. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  5. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  6. ^ Basbøll (2005:61)
  7. ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  8. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  9. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  10. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  11. ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
  12. ^ Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.
  13. ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013:67–68)
  14. ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  15. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  16. ^ DEX Online: [1]
  17. ^ Padgett (2003), p. 42.
  18. ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  19. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  20. ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  21. ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
  22. ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.

References

[edit]
  • Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
  • Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-929075-08-3
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
  • Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J. III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 199–215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296, S2CID 38504322
  • Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505, S2CID 13470826
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
  • Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266, S2CID 243640727
  • Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
  • Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
[edit]

Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.

Wikipedia

Voiceless velar plosive

A voiceless velar plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in almost all spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "k" sound in "skip". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨k⟩. A [k] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain [k], and some distinguish more than one variety. Many languages also have a two-way contrast between aspirated and plain [k]. Only a few languages lack a voiceless velar plosive, e.g. North Azerbaijani, Tahitian, and Mongolian. Some languages have a voiceless pre-velar or post-palatal plosive, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as front as the prototypical palatal plosive. See Voiceless palatal plosive § Post-palatal for more information. Conversely, some languages have a voiceless post-velar plosive, which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as back as the prototypical uvular plosive.

MORE →
Wikipedia

Voiceless velar fricative

A voiceless velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It was part of the consonant inventory of Old English and can still be found in some modern dialects of English, most notably in Scottish English, for example in loch, broch, and saugh (willow). The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨x⟩, the Latin letter x. It is also used in broad transcription instead of the symbol ⟨χ⟩, the Greek chi, for the voiceless uvular fricative. For a voiceless pre-velar fricative (also called post-palatal), see voiceless palatal fricative § Post-palatal.

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Wikipedia

Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives

Voiceless alveolar and dental plosives (or stops) are a type of consonantal sound used in almost all spoken languages. The alveolar is familiar to English-speakers as the ⟨t⟩ sound in stick. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is ⟨t⟩. The voiceless dental plosive can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic ⟨t̪⟩, and the postalveolar with a retraction line, ⟨t̠⟩. The extIPA also has a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation, ⟨t͇⟩. The [t] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain [t], and some distinguish more than one variety. Some languages without a [t] are colloquial Samoan (which also lacks an [n]), Abau, and Nǁng of South Africa. There are only a few languages which distinguish dental and alveolar stops (or often more precisely laminal and apical alveolar stops), including Kota, Toda, Venda and many Australian Aboriginal languages; certain varieties of Hiberno-English also distinguish them (with dental [t̪] being the local realization of the Standard English phoneme /θ/ spelled ⟨th⟩).

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Wikipedia

Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives

A voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral fricatives is [ɬ]. The symbol [ɬ] is called "belted l" and is distinct from "l with tilde", [ɫ], which transcribes a different sound – the velarized (or pharynɡealized) alveolar lateral approximant, often called "dark L". A voiceless alveolar lateral approximant is transcribed in IPA as ⟨l̥⟩. In Sino-Tibetan languages, Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) argue that Burmese and Standard Tibetan have voiceless lateral approximants [l̥] and Li Fang-Kuei & William Baxter contrast apophonically the voiceless alveolar lateral approximant from its voiced counterpart in the reconstruction of Old Chinese. A voiceless dental or alveolar lateral approximant is found as an allophone of its voiced counterpart in British English and Philadelphia English after voiceless coronal and labial stops, and it is velarized before back vowels; the allophone of /l/ after /k/ is most commonly as a voiceless velar lateral approximant. See English phonology.

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TOPIC OF THE DAY

Greenwood / Black Wall Street

Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.

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TRIVIA QUESTION OF THE DAY

Which Black woman became the first elected to the United States Congress?

Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.