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Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl, Strathearn and Caithness (c. 1360 – 26 March 1437) was a Scottish nobleman, the son of Robert II of Scotland. Stewart advocated for the ransom and return to Scotland of the future king in exile, James I, in 1424. In 1425 he served as a member of the jury of 21 which tried and executed his nephew Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany. Eventually, however, Atholl turned against the King and conspired in his assassination in 1437. He was tried for murder and was executed after three days of torture.
Stewart was a son of Robert II of Scotland by his second wife Euphemia de Ross, daughter of Aodh, Earl of Ross. He was also a younger half-brother of Robert III of Scotland and an uncle of the above-mentioned James I of Scotland.
Stewart married first, sometime before 1378, Margaret Barclay, Lady of Brechin,[1] by whom he had two sons:
In 1390, Stewart's niece Euphemia resigned to him the Earldom of Caithness. In 1404, he was created Earl of Atholl.
Stewart was energetic in retrieving his nephew James I from the Kingdom of England, which was accomplished in 1424, and was a member of the jury which tried his half nephew, Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany, and culminated in the execution of Albany and two of his sons.[2]
Stewart was made Great Justiciar of Scotland and Earl of Strathearn, with such title being taken from Malise Graham, who subsequently became the Earl of Menteith in 1427.[3] He resigned Caithness to his son Alan in 1428 but regained it on Alan's death without issue in 1431.[4]
The depth of Stewart's loyalties to James is unclear. The chronicler Buchanan (1582) saw in his efforts to return James to Scotland and support him against Albany and his children a deep-laid plan for those two branches of the House of Stewart to destroy each other – and clear his own way to the throne, reviving the old charge of illegitimacy against his half-brother Robert III. Others aver that it was the imprisonment and subsequent death of his son David that turned him against the king.[citation needed]
Whatever the cause of Stewart's rage against the King, he joined with his grandson Robert Stewart, Master of Atholl, and Sir Robert Graham in a conspiracy against James I, which resulted in the assassination of the king on 20 February 1437. Robert Stewart unbarred the doors to the royal apartments, permitting assassins to enter the King's lodging at the Dominican Blackfriars in Perth. The King hid under the floorboards, only to be discovered by Sir Robert Graham, who personally murdered the monarch.[5]
Stewart had little popular support for his cause, and the conspirators were swiftly apprehended. They were attainted and put to death in Edinburgh by a series of tortures remarkable and hideous even for that era. He was tortured over a period of three days.
| [Known] 10th-century mormaers | |
|---|---|
| [Known] Mormaers from the Atholl line |
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| Appointed between Robert I and James I | |
| Stewart of Balveny | |
| Stewart of Innermeath | |
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl, Strathearn and Caithness (c. 1360 – 26 March 1437) was a Scottish nobleman, the son of Robert II of Scotland. Stewart advocated for the ransom and return to Scotland of the future king in exile, James I, in 1424. In 1425 he served as a member of the jury of 21 which tried and executed his nephew Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany. Eventually, however, Atholl turned against the King and conspired in his assassination in 1437. He was tried for murder and was executed after three days of torture.
Elizabeth Stewart, Princess of Scotland was the daughter of Robert II of Scotland and Euphemia de Ross. Elizabeth was born between 1356 and 1370, well after her parents' marriage on 2 May 1355. Her brothers were David Stewart, Earl of Strathearn and Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl, and her half-brother was Robert III of Scotland. Her sister was Egidia Stewart, who married William Douglas of Nithsdale. She married David Lindsay, 1st Earl of Crawford on 22 February 1375. Her dowry was the barony of Strathnairn in Inverness-shire. In 1398, her father granted Lindsay the title of 1st Earl of Crawford. Elizabeth was styled as Countess of Crawford following the grant. They had seven, possibly eight, children: Gerard Lindsay (d. before 1421) Ingram Lindsay, Bishop of Aberdeen (d. 1458) Marjorie Lindsay, married Sir William Douglas. They were parents of Catherine Douglas, the Scottish noblewoman who tried to prevent the assassination of King James I of Scotland in 1437. Alexander Lindsay, 2nd Earl of Crawford (c. 1387–1438); married Marjory of Dunbar and had issue. David Lindsay, Lord of Newdosk (1407–?); he became a priest. Elizabeth Lindsay; she married Sir Robert Keith. Elizabeth Lindsay (1407–?); married Robert Erskine, 1st Lord Erskine; she may have been confused with her sister of the same name, and it is possible that they were one and the same person. Isabella Lindsay (1407–?), married Sir John Maxwell of Pollok, and had issue. They presumably lived at Crawford Castle.
James I (late July 1394 – 21 February 1437) was King of Scots from 1406 to 1437. The youngest of three sons, he was born in Dunfermline Abbey to King Robert III and his wife Annabella Drummond. His older brother David, Duke of Rothesay died under suspicious circumstances while being detained by their uncle, Robert, Duke of Albany. His other brother, Robert, died young. Fears for James's safety grew through the winter of 1405/6 and plans were made to send him to France. In February 1406, James was forced to take refuge in the castle of the Bass Rock in the Firth of Forth after his escort was attacked by supporters of Archibald, 4th Earl of Douglas. He remained there until mid-March, when he boarded a vessel bound for France. On 22 March, English pirates captured the ship and delivered the prince to Henry IV of England. The ailing Robert III died on 4 April, and the 11-year-old James, now the uncrowned King of Scotland, would not regain his freedom for another eighteen years. James was given a good education at the English Court, where he developed a respect for English methods of governance and for Henry V. The Scottish king, apparently willingly, joined Henry in his military campaign in France during 1420 and 1421. His cousin, Murdoch Stewart, Albany's son, who had been an English prisoner since 1402, was traded for Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland in 1416. James had married Joan Beaufort, daughter of the Earl of Somerset, in February 1424, just before his release in April. The king's re-entry into Scottish affairs was not altogether popular since he had fought on behalf of Henry V in France and at times against Scottish forces. Noble families were now faced with paying increased taxes to cover the ransom repayments, but would also have to provide family hostages as security. James excelled in sports and appreciated literature and music; he also held a strong desire to impose law and order on his subjects, although he applied it selectively at times. To secure his position, James launched pre-emptive attacks on some of his nobles beginning in 1425 with his close kinsmen, the Albany Stewarts, resulting in the execution of Duke Murdoch and his sons. In 1428, James detained Alexander, Lord of the Isles, while attending a parliament in Inverness. Archibald, 5th Earl of Douglas, was arrested in 1431, followed by George, Earl of March, in 1434. The plight of the ransom hostages held in England was ignored, and the repayment money was diverted into the construction of Linlithgow Palace and other grandiose schemes. In August 1436, James failed in his siege of the English-held Roxburgh Castle and then faced an ineffective attempt by Sir Robert Graham to arrest him at a general council. James was assassinated at Perth on the night of 20/21 February 1437 in a failed coup by his uncle Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl. Queen Joan, although wounded, managed to evade the attackers and reached her son, now King James II, in Edinburgh Castle.
Robert Stewart, Master of Atholl was a Scottish nobleman. He was the son of David Stewart, grandson of Walter Stewart, 1st Earl of Atholl, and the great-grandson of Robert II of Scotland. He was executed, along with his grandfather and other Scottish noblemen on 26 March 1437, for his role in the murder of James I of Scotland.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Mae Jemison, aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992.
