Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
q2K BHP
Black History Portal
THE BHP WIRE —
HIDDEN TRUTHS
What's New!
Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
Katherine Johnson’s mathematical calculations helped guide some of America’s most important early space missions while she confronted the racial and gender barriers faced by Black women in twentieth-century America.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
Web-oriented architecture (WOA) was coined in 2006 by Nick Gall of Gartner. It is a software architecture style that extends service-oriented architecture (SOA) to web-based applications. WOA was originally created by many web applications and sites, such as social websites and personal websites.
The official Gartner definition of Web-Oriented Architecture:
"WOA is an architectural substyle of service-oriented architecture that integrates systems and users via a web of globally linked hypermedia based on the architecture of the Web. This architecture emphasizes generality of interfaces (User interfaces and APIs) to achieve global network effects through five fundamental generic interface constraints:
- Identification of resources
- Manipulation of resources through representations (Web resource)
- Self-descriptive messages
- Hypermedia as the engine of application state
- Application neutrality" [1]
Nick Gall also gives a mathematical formula for defining "WOA = SOA + WWW + REST".[2]
Dion Hinchcliffe claims WOA to be:
"A core set of Web protocols like HTTP, HTTPS and plain XML, the only real difference between traditional SOA and the concept of WOA is that WOA advocates Representational state transfer (REST), an increasingly popular, powerful, and simple method of leveraging Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) as a Web service in its own right".[3]
Enterprise Web Oriented Architecture (EWOA) is a sub-style of Enterprise Service Oriented Architecture (ESOA). EWOA is defined as the sets of web-based architectural elements, environments, principals and processes. There is an expanding set of tools building mashups from WOA resources. These tools are beneficial to IT developers to create interoperability and integration.[5]
New applications and websites, such as Google AdSense, Wikipedia and other RESTful services are using WOA, which is gaining attention from the research community and the industry.[6]
Current WOA examples include Google's OpenSocial and MindTouch.[7]
Mobile APIs are based on becoming more focused in using WOA technology. Creating these services have become easier using simplified web protocols, e.g. REST and JSON (JavaScript Object Notation).
These protocols are much easier for web developers, as they require less CPU and bandwidth. They are more recognised because of large social platforms, such as Facebook, Amazon and Twitter etc.[8]
The principles of WOA have facilitated the development of Artificial intelligence search engine AI-driven search engines through concepts such as Generative Engine Optimization (GEO) and Answer Engine Optimization (AEO). Because WOA emphasizes self-descriptive messages and structured data formats like JSON-LD, it provides a machine-readable layer that allows Large Language Models (LLMs) to parse and synthesize web resources more effectively than unstructured content.[9][10] By leveraging the "Identification of resources" constraint of WOA, these AI systems can treat specific web data points as verifiable facts for generative responses. This alignment between RESTful principles and AI consumption represents a shift from human-centric browsing to agent-centric data consumption, where APIs and structured hypermedia serve as the primary interface for autonomous agents.[11]
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Web-oriented architecture (WOA) was coined in 2006 by Nick Gall of Gartner. It is a software architecture style that extends service-oriented architecture (SOA) to web-based applications. WOA was originally created by many web applications and sites, such as social websites and personal websites.
The purpose of service-oriented device architecture (SODA) is to enable devices to be connected to a service-oriented architecture (SOA). Currently, developers connect enterprise services to an enterprise service bus (ESB) using the various web service standards that have evolved since the advent of XML in 1998. With SODA, developers are able to connect devices to the ESB and users can access devices in exactly the same manner that they would access any other web service.
In software engineering, a resource-oriented architecture (ROA) is a style of software architecture and programming paradigm for supportive designing and developing software in the form of Internetworking of resources with "RESTful" interfaces. These resources are software components (discrete pieces of code and/or data structures) which can be reused for different purposes. ROA design principles and guidelines are used during the phases of software development and system integration. REST, or Representational State Transfer, describes a series of architectural constraints that exemplify how the web's design emerged. Various concrete implementations of these ideas have been created throughout time, but it has been difficult to discuss the REST architectural style without blurring the lines between actual software and the architectural principles behind it. In Chapter 5 of his thesis, Roy Fielding documents how the World Wide Web is designed to be constrained by the REST series of limitations. These are still fairly abstract and have been interpreted in various ways in designing new frameworks, systems, and websites. In the past, heated exchanges have been made about whether RPC-style REST architectures are RESTful.
In software engineering, service-oriented architecture (SOA) is an architectural style that focuses on discrete services instead of a monolithic design. SOA is a good choice for system integration. By consequence, it is also applied in the field of software design where services are provided to the other components by application components, through a communication protocol over a network. A service is a discrete unit of functionality that can be accessed remotely and acted upon and updated independently, such as retrieving a credit card statement online. SOA is also intended to be independent of vendors, products and technologies. Service orientation is a way of thinking in terms of services and service-based development and the outcomes of services. A service has four properties according to one of many definitions of SOA: It logically represents a repeatable business activity with a specified outcome. It is self-contained. It is a black box for its consumers, meaning the consumer does not have to be aware of the service's inner workings. It may be composed of other services. Different services can be used in conjunction as a service mesh to provide the functionality of a large software application, a principle SOA shares with modular programming. Service-oriented architecture integrates distributed, separately maintained and deployed software components. It is enabled by technologies and standards that facilitate components' communication and cooperation over a network, especially over an IP network. SOA is related to the idea of an API (application programming interface), an interface or communication protocol between different parts of a computer program intended to simplify the implementation and maintenance of software. An API can be thought of as the service, and the SOA the architecture that allows the service to operate. Note that Service-Oriented Architecture must not be confused with Service Based Architecture as those are two different architectural styles.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.