Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
W2, W-2, or w2 may refer to:
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W2, W-2, or w2 may refer to: W2 (tram), a class of electric trams built by the Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board W2, one of four manuscripts of the Magnus Liber W2, a postcode district in the W postcode area of the United Kingdom w2 Concertzaal, a pop stage in 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands W-2 tool steel, a water-hardening variety of high carbon steel Apple W2, a wireless chip used in the Apple Watch Series 3 Arado W 2, a two-seat twin-engine seaplane trainer British NVC community W2, a Woodland and scrub community in the British National Vegetation Classification system Form W-2, a United States federal tax form issued by employers and stating how much an employee was paid in a year The Vector W2, a concept car Wisconsin Works, a workforce development and welfare replacement program in Wisconsin (a form of Workfare) Perfect World (video game), also known as PW and World2, 3D MMORPG game Sri Lanka Railways W2, diesel-hydraulic locomotives Webster's New International Dictionary, Second Edition Third step of the W0-W6 scale for the classification of meteorites by weathering Windows 2.0x, a Microsoft operating system
The Personal System/2 or PS/2 is IBM's second generation of personal computers. Released in 1987, it officially replaced the IBM PC, XT, AT, and PC Convertible in IBM's lineup. Many of the PS/2's innovations, such as the 16550 UART (serial port), 1440 KB 3.5-inch floppy disk format, 72-pin SIMMs, PS/2 mouse and keyboard port, and VGA, went on to become standards in the broader IBM PC compatibles market. The PS/2 line was created by IBM partly in an attempt to recapture control of the PC market by introducing the advanced yet proprietary Micro Channel architecture (MCA) on higher-end models. These models were in the strange position of being incompatible with the hardware standards previously established by IBM and adopted in the IBM PC compatible industry. Most major PC manufacturers balked at IBM's licensing terms for MCA-compatible hardware, particularly the per-machine royalties. The OS/2 operating system was announced at the same time as the PS/2 line and was intended to be the primary operating system for models with Intel 80286 or later processors. However, at the time of the first shipments, only IBM PC DOS 3.3 was available. OS/2 1.0 (text-mode only) and Microsoft's Windows 2.0 became available several months later. IBM also released AIX PS/2, a UNIX operating system for PS/2 models with Intel 386 or later processors. IBM's initial PS/2 computers were popular with target market corporate buyers, and by September 1988, IBM reported that it had sold 3 million PS/2 machines in the past 18 months. However, the PS/2 was unsuccessful in the consumer market since IBM failed to establish a link in the consumer's mind between the PS/2 MicroChannel architecture and the immature OS/2 1.x operating system (the more capable OS/2 version 2.0 was not released until 1992) to justify the PS/2's price premium, in contrast to rival IBM PC compatibles that stuck with industry-wide standard hardware while running Microsoft Windows. Rival manufacturers also teamed up to form the EISA bus standard in opposition to the Micro Channel. In 1992, Macworld stated that "IBM lost control of its own market and became a minor player with its own technology." IBM officially retired the PS/2 line in July 1995.
Windows-1252 or CP-1252 (Windows code page 1252) is a legacy single-byte character encoding that is used by default (as the "ANSI code page") in Microsoft Windows throughout the Americas, Western Europe, Oceania, and much of Africa. Initially the same as ISO 8859-1, it began to diverge starting in Windows 2.0 by adding additional characters in the 0x80 to 0x9F (hex) range (the ISO standards reserve this range for C1 control codes). Notable additional characters include curly quotation marks and all printable characters from ISO 8859-15. It is the most-used single-byte character encoding in the world. As of September 2026 (effectively) 9.3% of static web pages are served as Windows-1252 (and even more used of some subtypes or categories, see below). This contrasts a lot with only 0.2% of all websites declared using Windows-1252 even when adding the 0.8% declared to use ISO 8859-1, which is treated as Windows-1252 by all modern browsers (as required by the HTML5 standard), for a total of 1.0%, explained by the fact most web sites are served programmatically and/or usually with a mix of static pages. Almost all websites now use the multi-byte character encoding UTF-8, another superset of ASCII. Some countries or languages show a higher usage than the global average, in 2026 Brazil according to website use, use is at 1.4%, and in Germany at 2.1%. (these are the sums of ISO-8859-1 and CP-1252 declarations). HTML5 is the latest standard that almost all web pages use, but regarding older standards: 6.0% of HTML Transitional web pages use Windows-1252 (HTML Transitional is used by 2.9% of all the websites). For the obsolete and little used frameset site element using websites (0.2% of all), 12.8% use Windows-1252. So it can be said that these legacy encodings are more used with older technology, and HTML5 mostly eliminate their use, and pre-HTML5-based HTML Transitional and HTML Strict.
Windows 9x (also known as Win9x) is a generic term referring to a former line of Windows, a family of operating systems produced by Microsoft. It had releases between 1995 and 2000, and were based on the kernel first introduced in Windows 95, which was continuously updated in later versions. MS-DOS support was retained in order to facilitate booting into Windows as well as providing real mode support for DOS. The first version of the Windows 9x series was Windows 95, which was succeeded by Windows 98 and then Windows Me, which was the third and last version of Windows in the series before it was superseded by Windows XP. It is predominantly known for its use in home desktops. In 1998, Windows made up 82% of operating system market share. The internal release number for versions of Windows 9x is 4.x. The internal versions for Windows 95, 98, and Me are 4.0, 4.1, and 4.9, respectively. Previous MS-DOS-based versions of Windows used version numbers of 3.2 or lower. Windows NT, which was aimed at professional users such as networks and businesses, used a similar but separate version number between 3.1 and 4.0. Since the release of Windows XP, all versions of Windows are based on the Windows NT codebase.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Mae Jemison, aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992.
