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In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
The USN Journal (Update Sequence Number Journal), or Change Journal,[1] is a feature of the Windows NT file system (NTFS) which maintains a record of changes made to the volume. It is not to be confused with the journal used for the NTFS file system journaling.
When Windows 2000 was released, Microsoft created NTFS version 3.0, which included several new features and improvements over older versions of the file system. One of these was a new system management feature that is very useful for certain types of applications. Under Windows 2000, NTFS 3.0 partitions can be set to keep track of changes to files and directories on the volume, providing a record of when and what was done to the various objects. When enabled, the system records all changes made to the volume in the USN Journal, which is the name also used to describe the feature itself.
One journal is maintained for each NTFS volume and stored in the NTFS metafile named $Extend\$UsnJrnl. It begins as an empty file. Whenever a change is made to the volume, a record is added to the file. Each record is identified by a 64-bit Update Sequence Number or USN (for this reason Change Journals are sometimes called USN Journals). Each record in the Change Journal contains the USN, the name of the file, and information about what the change was.
The Change Journal describes the changes that took place using bit flags (e.g. USN_REASON_DATA_OVERWRITE[2]), therefore it does not include all the data or details associated with the change. For this reason the Change Journal cannot be used to undo operations on files within NTFS.
The USN Journal is used by the File History feature introduced in Windows 8 to determine which files have changed since the last backup so that only files that have changed are added to the history.[3] The desktop search utility Everything monitors the journal to update its database of file names.[4]
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Windows Journal was a notetaking application created by Microsoft. It allowed the user to create and organize handwritten notes and drawings. It could be used with an ordinary computer mouse to compose a handwritten note, as well as a graphics tablet or a Tablet PC. It was first included with Windows XP Tablet PC Edition, and then later included with selected editions of Windows Vista and later. It was removed in 2016 with the Windows 10 "Anniversary Update" and was succeeded by OneNote. In the following months, patches for Windows 7 and Windows 8.1 were released to uninstall Windows Journal due to security vulnerabilities with the Windows Journal file format (.JNT).
JNT may refer to: Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (disambiguation), in Indian cities JNT Association, later JANET, computer network Junctionless nanowire transistor Windows Journal file extension John Nathan-Turner, former Doctor Who producer
The USN Journal (Update Sequence Number Journal), or Change Journal, is a feature of the Windows NT file system (NTFS) which maintains a record of changes made to the volume. It is not to be confused with the journal used for the NTFS file system journaling. When Windows 2000 was released, Microsoft created NTFS version 3.0, which included several new features and improvements over older versions of the file system. One of these was a new system management feature that is very useful for certain types of applications. Under Windows 2000, NTFS 3.0 partitions can be set to keep track of changes to files and directories on the volume, providing a record of when and what was done to the various objects. When enabled, the system records all changes made to the volume in the USN Journal, which is the name also used to describe the feature itself. One journal is maintained for each NTFS volume and stored in the NTFS metafile named $Extend\$UsnJrnl. It begins as an empty file. Whenever a change is made to the volume, a record is added to the file. Each record is identified by a 64-bit Update Sequence Number or USN (for this reason Change Journals are sometimes called USN Journals). Each record in the Change Journal contains the USN, the name of the file, and information about what the change was. The Change Journal describes the changes that took place using bit flags (e.g. USN_REASON_DATA_OVERWRITE), therefore it does not include all the data or details associated with the change. For this reason the Change Journal cannot be used to undo operations on files within NTFS.
Windows Vista is a major release of the Windows NT operating system developed by Microsoft. It was the direct successor to Windows XP, released five years earlier, which was then the longest time span between successive releases of Microsoft Windows. It was released to manufacturing on November 8, 2006, and over the following two months, it was released in stages to business customers, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), and retail channels. On January 30, 2007, it was released internationally and was made available for purchase and download from the Windows Marketplace; it is the first release of Windows to be made available through a digital distribution platform. Development of Windows Vista began in 2001 under the codename "Longhorn"; originally envisioned as a minor successor to Windows XP, it gradually included numerous new features from the then-next major release of Windows codenamed "Blackcomb", after which it was repositioned as a major release of Windows, and it subsequently underwent a period of protracted development that was unprecedented for Microsoft. Most new features were prominently based on a new presentation layer codenamed Avalon, a new communications architecture codenamed Indigo, and a relational storage platform codenamed WinFS — all built on the .NET Framework; however, this proved to be untenable due to incompleteness of technologies and ways in which new features were added, and Microsoft reset the project in 2004. Many features were eventually reimplemented after the reset, but Microsoft ceased using managed code to develop the operating system. New features of Windows Vista include a graphical user interface and visual style referred to as Windows Aero; a content index and desktop search platform called Windows Search; new peer-to-peer technologies to simplify sharing files and media between computers and devices on a home network; and new multimedia tools such as Windows DVD Maker. Windows Vista included version 3.0 of the .NET Framework, allowing software developers to write applications without traditional Windows APIs. There are major architectural overhauls to audio, display, network, and print sub-systems; deployment, installation, servicing, and startup procedures are also revised. It is the first release of Windows built on Microsoft's Trustworthy Computing initiative and emphasized security with the introduction of many new security and safety features such as BitLocker and User Account Control. General reception to Windows Vista was mixed; while the design quality and addition of new features earned positive reception, Windows Vista was the subject of frequent criticism and negative press review. Criticism of Windows Vista focused on driver, peripheral, and program incompatibility; digital rights management; excessive authorization from the new User Account Control; inordinately high system requirements when contrasted with Windows XP; its protracted development; longer boot time; and more restrictive product licensing. Windows Vista deployment and satisfaction rates were consequently lower than those of Windows XP, and it is considered a market failure; however, its use surpassed Microsoft's pre-launch two-year-out expectations of achieving 200 million users (with an estimated 330 million users by 2009). Two service packs were released, in 2008 and 2009 respectively. Windows Vista was succeeded by Windows 7 in 2009, and on October 22, 2010, Microsoft ceased retail distribution of Windows Vista; OEM supply ceased a year later. Mainstream support for Windows Vista ended on April 10, 2012, and extended support ended on April 11, 2017.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Joe Louis.