Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
Windows Polytonic Greek is a modification of Windows-1253 that was used by Paratype to cover Polytonic Greek. This encoding is supported by FontLab Studio 5.[1]
The following table shows Windows Polytonic Greek. Each character is shown with its Unicode equivalent. Note that the older FontLab mapping swaps 0xB5 and 0xFF.
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0x | NUL | SOH | STX | ETX | EOT | ENQ | ACK | BEL | BS | HT | LF | VT | FF | CR | SO | SI |
| 1x | DLE | DC1 | DC2 | DC3 | DC4 | NAK | SYN | ETB | CAN | EM | SUB | ESC | FS | GS | RS | US |
| 2x | SP | ! | " | # | $ | % | & | ' | ( | ) | * | + | , | - | . | / |
| 3x | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | : | ; | < | = | > | ? |
| 4x | ¨ | ´ | ` | ῀ | ι | ᾿ | ῾ | ῞ | ῝ | ῎ | ῍ | ῟ | ῏ | ΅ | ὰ | ᾶ |
| 5x | ἀ | ἁ | ἅ | ἃ | ἄ | ἂ | ἇ | ἆ | ᾴ | ᾲ | ᾷ | ᾀ | ᾁ | ᾅ | ᾃ | ᾄ |
| 6x | ᾂ | ᾇ | ᾆ | ὲ | ἐ | ἑ | ἕ | ἓ | ἔ | ἒ | ἱ | ἰ | ἵ | ἳ | ἴ | ἲ |
| 7x | ἷ | ἶ | ὶ | ῖ | ῒ | ᾳ | ῳ | ῃ | ὴ | ῆ | ἠ | ἥ | ἣ | ἤ | ἢ | ᾤ |
| 8x | ʹ | Ϝ | ἧ | ἦ | ῄ | ῂ | ῇ | ᾐ | ᾕ | ᾓ | ᾔ | ᾒ | ᾗ | ϲ | Ϡ | Ϛ |
| 9x | ͵ | ᾖ | ὸ | ὀ | ὅ | ὃ | ὄ | ὂ | ὺ | ῦ | ὐ | ὑ | ὕ | Ϟ | ῭ | ὓ |
| Ax | NBSP | ὔ | ὒ | ὗ | ὖ | ῢ | ὼ | ῶ | ὠ | ὡ | ὥ | ὣ | ὤ | ὢ | ὧ | ὦ |
| Bx | ῲ | ῴ | ῷ | ᾠ | ᾡ | ᾥ | ¶ | · | ᾢ | ᾧ | ᾦ | ῤ | ῥ | ἡ | ᾑ | ὁ |
| Cx | ΐ | Α | Β | Γ | Δ | Ε | Ζ | Η | Θ | Ι | Κ | Λ | Μ | Ν | Ξ | Ο |
| Dx | Π | Ρ | ᾽ | Σ | Τ | Υ | Φ | Χ | Ψ | Ω | Ϊ | Ϋ | ά | έ | ή | ί |
| Ex | ΰ | α | β | γ | δ | ε | ζ | η | θ | ι | κ | λ | μ | ν | ξ | ο |
| Fx | π | ρ | ς | σ | τ | υ | φ | χ | ψ | ω | ϊ | ϋ | ό | ύ | ώ | ᾣ |
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Windows Polytonic Greek is a modification of Windows-1253 that was used by Paratype to cover Polytonic Greek. This encoding is supported by FontLab Studio 5.
Windows code page 1253 ("Greek - ANSI"), commonly known by its IANA-registered name Windows-1253 or abbreviated as cp1253, is a Microsoft Windows code page used to write modern Greek. It is not capable of supporting the older polytonic Greek. It is not fully compatible with ISO 8859-7 because a few characters, including the letter Ά, are located at different byte values: µ and ¶ are added at their locations from Windows-1252 and ISO 8859-1 (0xB5 and 0xB6). This collides with the locations of ΅ and Ά, respectively, in ISO 8859-7. ‘ and ’ are moved from their ISO 8859-7 locations (0xA1 and 0xA2) to their Windows-1252 locations (0x91 and 0x92). The displaced ΅ and Ά are moved to the vacated space at 0xA1 and 0xA2 respectively. ¤ and ¥ are added at their locations from Windows-1252 and ISO 8859-1 (0xA4 and 0xA5). This collides with additions made to ISO 8859-7 in 2003, when € and ₯ respectively were added to the same locations. The € was added to Windows-1253 at 0x80, the same location which it was added to in Windows-1252. An iota subscript (ͺ) was also added to ISO 8859-7 at 0xAA; this remains unallocated in Windows-1253. Several further characters are added at their Windows-1252 locations, although the rest do not collide with ISO 8859-7. IBM uses code page 1253 (CCSID 1253 and euro sign extended CCSID 5349) for Windows-1253. Unicode is preferred for Greek in modern applications, especially as UTF-8 encoding on the Internet. Unicode provides many more glyphs for complete coverage, see Greek alphabet in Unicode and Ancient Greek Musical Notation for tables.
Sylfaen is a multi-script serif font family designed by John Hudson and W. Ross Mills of Tiro Typeworks, and Geraldine Wade of Monotype Typography. The name Sylfaen is a Welsh word meaning foundation. In 1997, Tiro was hired by Microsoft Typography to consult on the production of support materials for OpenType font development. Part of this project was producing a multi-script font used for displaying glyphs in Microsoft's cancelled Web Resource for International Typography (WRIT) database, which was a tool for establishing character and glyph requirements for given languages, geographical areas or scripts (or combinations thereof). The project included support for Latin, IPA, Cyrillic, Greek, Armenian, Georgian, and Geʽez (Ethiopian) characters. Latin glyphs were designed by John Hudson, and the first script developed for Sylfaen. Cyrillic glyphs were designed by John Hudson. The design was reviewed by Maxim Zhukov, typographic coordinator for the United Nations. Greek glyphs were designed by Geraldine Wade, based on the Latin glyphs, with consultation from Gerry Leonidas. Only the glyphs used in monotonic orthography are available. Armenian glyphs were designed by Geraldine Wade, under the guidance of Armenian type designer Manvel Shmavonyan, and his Russian colleague Vladimir Yefimov at ParaType in Moscow. It includes 'classical caps', which are based on the tall capitals in Armenian manuscript. Georgian glyphs include khutsuri and mkhedruli letters. The development of the Georgian script came to a halt when Georgian type designer Anton Dumbadze was fatally struck by a car before being able to finish the design. As a result the font is incomplete. Ethiopic glyphs were designed by Geraldine Wade. The font shipped with Windows 2000 and XP only include a subset of the original designs. In particular, IPA, Polytonic Greek, Ethiopic glyphs are missing. It supports WGL4, Armenian script, and the minuscules of the Georgian alphabet. OpenType features include small caps, glyph substitution.
PragmataPro is a monospaced font family designed for programming, created by Fabrizio Schiavi. It is a narrow programming font designed for legibility. The font implements Unicode characters, including (polytonic) Greek, Cyrillic, Arabic, Hebrew and the APL codepoints. The font specifically implements ligatures for programming, such as multiple-character operators. The characters are hinted by hand. PragmataPro was designed to have contained line-spacing and offer rasterization for screens of most sizes except the most small. Notable features also include math and phonetics support.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Joe Louis.