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In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
 | This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (June 2008) |
In the X Window System, the program xwd (X Window dump) captures the content of a screen or of a window and optionally saves it into a file.[1]
xwd runs in one of two ways: if a user specifies the whole screen or the name or identifier of a window as an argument, the program captures the content of the window; otherwise, it changes the shape of the cursor and waits for the user to click in a window, whose content is then captured.
At the X Window core protocol level, xwd uses the fact that any X client can request the content of an arbitrary window, including ones it did not create, using the GetImage request (this is done by the XGetImage function in the Xlib library). The content of the whole screen is obtained by requesting the content of the root window.
The file generated by xwd can then be read by various other X utilities such as xwud, sxwd, xv, netpbm, xloadimage /xli, and the GIMP, or converted to other formats; the ImageMagick suite allows the construction of a useful pipeline, as does netpbm:
$ xwd | convert xwd:- screenshot.png
$ tifftopnm o37122g7.tif | pnmquant 16 -psuedodepth 8 | pnmtoxwd | gzip -c > o37122g7.xwd.gz
The dumps are larger in size than files in most image file formats – not only compressed formats such as PNG, but also uncompressed bitmap formats like BMP. Gzipped, however, they tend to be slightly smaller than their png counterparts, and many utilities including ImageMagick and xloadimage/xli handle gzipped files automatically.
The xwd format supports a wide variety of colormap types. Sxwd exists to inspect and modify the colormap of 8-bit palleted images, as:
$ sxwd -in o37122a1aa.200.xwd.gz -cmap
Number of colors: 12 whitePixel: blackPixel: 0
16b 16b 16b R-MSB R-LSB G-MSB G-LSB B-MSB B-LSB
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 23130 40606 58853 90 90 158 158 229 229
2 65278 65278 65278 254 254 254 254 254 254
3 41377 24415 17990 161 161 95 95 70 70
4 51657 57568 62708 201 201 224 224 244 244
5 50372 25700 50372 196 196 100 100 196 196
6 65278 51657 50372 254 254 201 201 196 196
7 58853 11308 7453 229 229 44 44 29 29
8 53713 65278 45232 209 209 254 254 176 176
9 63993 51657 63993 249 249 201 201 249 249
10 58853 58853 58853 229 229 229 229 229 229
11 56797 42662 37265 221 221 166 166 145 145
| X Window Dump | |
|---|---|
| Filename extension | .xwd |
| Developed by | X Window System |
| Initial release | X10 / 1985 |
| Latest release | X11 September 1987 |
| Type of format | Image file formats |
| Standard | xwdfile.h[2] |
| Open format? | MIT license |
Various image viewers and tools support the X11 .xwd format, among others the GIMP, ImageMagick, Netpbm, and XnView. In version 2.1.4 FFmpeg supported pixel formats bgra, rgba, argb, abgr, rgb24, bgr24, rgb565be, rgb565le, bgr565be, bgr565le, rgb555be, rgb555le, bgr555be, bgr555le, rgb8, bgr8, rgb4_byte, bgr4_byte, pal8, gray, and monow. In these abbreviations 555 means 32768=32×32×32 colors, 565 means 65536 colors (6 bits for green), rgba is red-green-blue-alpha, 4 or 8 stands for 16 or 256 colors, le or be is the endianness, pal is an input palette, etc. as listed by ffmpeg –pix_fmts.[3]
Details of the .xwd format in XWDFile.h depend on the platform, therefore it is unsuited for cross-platform applications and has no MIME image type.[2] Another way of looking at this is that it is suited for cross-platform development with a small coding effort made to resolve the architecture differences, as it requires no library to use.
The X window dump (xwd) tool takes a snapshot of the current screen, a manually selected window or a window designated by its numeric ID, and outputs the image to standard output or to a file.
| Raster |
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|---|---|
| Raw | |
| Vector | |
| Compound | |
| Metadata |
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Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
In the X Window System, the program xwd (X Window dump) captures the content of a screen or of a window and optionally saves it into a file. xwd runs in one of two ways: if a user specifies the whole screen or the name or identifier of a window as an argument, the program captures the content of the window; otherwise, it changes the shape of the cursor and waits for the user to click in a window, whose content is then captured.
XWD, an acronym for Cross-Wheel Drive and also known as Haldex Generation 4, is an all-wheel drive system designed by Haldex in partnership with Saab. The XWD is a permanent all-wheel drive system, that can pre-emptively and continuously change torque distribution before wheel slip occurs. The XWD system is designed to improve take-off performance by having the capability to lock the front and rear axles fully. During highway cruising, it can adjust torque distribution, allocating as little as 4% to the rear wheels, a feature intended to improve fuel efficiency. Additionally, the system is engineered to rapidly transfer torque distribution to the wheel with the most grip, providing immediate traction in various driving conditions. Using the two couplings, the XWD system can send 85% of its available torque to a single rear wheel. An ECU continuously collects various data from the car's onboard systems, and in conjunction with the ESC, ABS, and TCS, calculates the best torque distribution in the driveline. The XWD system debuted on the 2008 limited edition Saab Turbo X, equipped with an electronically-controlled limited-slip differential (ELSD), and was gradually made available through the rest of the 9-3 line (in sedan and combi body styles). The XWD was the standard powertrain for the Saab 9-5 from 2010 to 2012, underpinning the 2011 Saab 9-4X and was part of the Saab 9-3X, the XUV crossover introduced by Saab in 2009 based on the 9-3 Sport Combi. The XWD system was also later used in the Opel Insignia.
FFmpeg is a free and open-source software project consisting of a suite of libraries and programs for handling video, audio, and other multimedia files and streams. At its core is the command-line ffmpeg tool itself, designed for processing video and audio files. It is widely used for format transcoding, basic editing (trimming and concatenation), video scaling, video post-production effects, and standards compliance (SMPTE, ITU). FFmpeg also includes other tools: ffplay, a simple media player, and ffprobe, a command-line tool to display media information. Among included libraries are libavcodec, an audio/video codec library used by many commercial and free software products, libavformat (Lavf), an audio/video container mux and demux library, and libavfilter, a library for enhancing and editing filters through a GStreamer-like filtergraph. FFmpeg is part of the workflow of many other software projects, and its libraries are a core part of software media players such as VLC, and has been included in core processing for YouTube and Bilibili. Encoders and decoders for many audio and video file formats are included, making it highly useful for the transcoding of common and uncommon media files. FFmpeg is published under the LGPL-2.1-or-later or GPL-2.0-or-later, depending on which options are enabled.
The Saab 9-3 (pronounced nine-three) is a compact executive car initially developed and manufactured by the Swedish automaker Saab. The first generation 9-3 (1998–2003) is based on the GM2900 platform, changing to the GM Epsilon platform with the introduction of the second-generation car (2003–2012). Other vehicles using this platform include the Opel Vectra, Chevrolet Malibu, and Cadillac BLS. National Electric Vehicle Sweden (NEVS), Saab's then parent company briefly assembled a few 9-3 sedans during 2013 and 2014.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Mae Jemison, aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992.
